Carbon and its Compounds

• The atomic number of carbon is 6 and its electronic configuration is 2, 4
• mutual sharing of electrons between atoms to attain a stable noble gas configuration is called Covalent bonding
• Covalently bonded molecules have low melting and boiling points
• catenation is property of carbon atom to form bond with other atoms of carbon
• The compounds which are majorly made of hydrogen and carbon atoms are called Hydrocarbons
• Saturated compounds are hydrocarbons in which hydrogen and carbon have single bonds. They are also known as Alkanes
• hydrocarbons with double covalent bonds are alkenes and those with triple covalent bonds are alkynes
• Ethanol reacts with Sodium to form Sodium Ethoxide and Hydrogen
• When is Ethanol heated with concentrated Sulphuric Acid at 443K. it is dehydrated to Ethene
• Hydrogen is added to unsaturated hydrocarbon in presence of palladium or nickel as catalyst in Addition Reaction
• Carboxylic acids react with alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst to produce esters
• Alcohols can be converted to carboxylic acids by oxidising them using alkaline potassium permanganate or acidified potassium di-chromate (they add oxygen to the reactant, thus are called oxidising agents)
• Carbon compounds generally burn (oxidize) in air to produce carbon dioxide and water, and release heat and light energy
• Homologous Series t is a series of compounds in which the same functional group substitutes for hydrogen in a carbon chain
• The successive member differs by one -CH2 unit and 14 units of mass in a homologous series
• This is the electron dot structure of ethane

  
• This is the electron dot structure of ethene

  
• Ethyne has a triple bond between C atoms because it has only 4 electrons around both carbons
• This esterification reaction

  A) ethano;

  
• On heating with an acid or a base, the ester forms back the original alcohol and carboxylic acid. This is called Hydrolysis

  
• Alkaline hydrolysis of ester is also called saponification
• Soap is sodium and potassium salt of carboxylic acids with long chain
• Soaps are effective with soft water only and ineffective with hard water
• Detergents are ammonium or sulphonate salts of carboxylic acids with long chain. They are effective with both soft as well as hard water
• An ionic part (hydrophilic) and a long hydrocarbon chain (hydrophobic)part constitutes the soap molecule.
• The magnesium and calcium salts present in hard water reacts with soap molecule to form insoluble products called scum
• Carbon is a versatile element that forms the basis for all living organisms and man of the things we use
• Carbon has four valence electrons, which allows it to bond easily with other elements such as oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen. This is called Tetravalency
• Different forms of an element that have the same chemical properties but different physical properties are known as Allotropes
• Diamond exists as a three-dimensional network with strong carbon-carbon covalent bond
• Diamonds are hard in nature with high melting points. It shines in the presence of light and it is a bad conductor of electricity
• Graphite is made from weak Van der Waal force
• Graphite serves as a good conductor of heat and electricity
• Graphite is used as a dry lubricant for machine parts as well as it is used in lead pencils
• Buckminsterfullerenes is a hollow cage that exists in the form of a sphere
• This is benzene

  
• When one atom in hydrocarbon is replaced by chlorine, bromine, etc. this is known as a Substitution Reaction