SCIENCE CLIMATE 1 AND 2

• Weather - It is the current atmospheric conditions, including temperature, rainfall, wind, and humidity at any given place. 
• Climate - It is sometimes referred to as “average” weather for a given area.
• Temperature and precipitation - the main elements of climate.
• National Weather Service - uses values of temperature highs and lows and precipitation measures for the past thirty years to compile “average” weather for any given area.
• Climate - the sum of all statistical weather information that helps describe a place or region.
• Latitude, Atmosphere, Hydrosphere, Geosphere, Biosphere - Factors Affecting Climate
• Latitude - the distance of a place relative to the equator. 
• Latitude - the distance of a place relative to the equator. 
• Areas near the equator receives direct sunlight, hence the warm temperature while Areas near the poles receives diffused sunlight, hence the cooler temperature.
• Atmosphere - the envelope of gases, held by gravity, that surrounds the Earth.
• Prevailing winds (trade winds, westerlies, and easterlies) - formed because of difference in air temperature.
• Tade winds - east to west, up and down equator
• westerlies - west to east, midline
• easterlies - from east to west, polar
• hydrosphere - represents all water on Earth in any state.
• Water has a high specific heat, which refers to the amount of heat needed to increase temperature of a substance to 1º
• geosphere - influences climate through an area’s geography and land cover
• leeward - has dry and warmer temperature.
• windward - has cooler and moist temperature.
• biosphere - represents all life on Earth.
• Vegetation - influences climate by absorbing solar energy and carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, releasing oxygen, and releasing water vapor through evapotranspiration.
• Landscape modification, Environmental Degradation, Pollution, Overpopulation - Artificial Factors Affecting Climate
• Landscape modification - Construction of infrastructure, Resource extraction such as mining and oil production
• Environmental Degradation - Overgrazing, Deforestation, Urbanization
• Pollution - Smog, water contamination, acid runoff, acid rain, radioactive materials, ozone depletion, and greenhouse emissions
• Overpopulation - It leads to consumption of resources at a rate which Earth system cannot sustain.
• Wladimir Peter Köppen (1846-1940) developed the system of Köppen Climate Classification System in 1900.
• Moist Tropical Climates - high temperatures and precipitation year-round
• Philippines - an example of a country with moist tropical climate.
• Dry Climates - extremely high temperatures with little precipitation
• South Africa - has lots of places with dry climates.
• Humid Middle Latitude Climates - characterized by warm, dry summers and cold, wet winters
• Japan - an example of country with humid middle latitude climate.
• Continental Climates - found in continent interiors, characterized by low precipitation and varying temperatures
• Canada - an example of a place in the continent interiors.
• Cold Climates - extremely low temperatures, permanent presence of ice and tundra
• Siberia -s a wide area with cold climates.
• Low-Latitude Climate Groups - formed by converging trade winds around the equator, leading to tropical air masses.
• Tropical Moist Climates (Af), Wet Dry Tropical Climates (Aw), Dry Tropical Climates (Bw) - Low-Latitude Climate Groups
• Tropical Moist Climates (Af) - heavy year-round rainfall average temperatures are mostly constant home to rainforest biomes