General biology

• Dna stands for?

  Deoxyribonucleic acid
• It contains Genetic information


  Dna
• Selected animals or plants for specific genetic qualities

  Selective breeding
• It is the genetic code

  Genotype
• It is the result of an genetic code

  Phenotype
• he modification and manipulation of an organism's genes using technology.

  Genetic engineering
• It cuts the plasmid

  Restriction enzyms
• It glues the plasmid with the genetic interest

  Ligase enzyms
• It is the result

  Recombinant Dna
• Rna bases from triplets

  Codons
• The process by which DNA is copied to RNA is called

  Transcription
• RNA is used to produce proteins is called 


  Translation
• Cutting the dna at specific Target sequences leaving a single-stranded overhang at the site of the cleavage


  Cutting or cleavage
• ___ Of an appropriate vector or vehicle which would propagate the recombinant dna

  Selection
• Joining of the gene of interest with the vector

  Ligation
• ___of the recombinant plasmid into a host cell

  Transfer
• host cell is a bacterium also known as

  recombinant bacterium
• ___process to screen which cells actually contain the gene of interest

  Selection
• to find out the primary structure of the protein

  sequencing of the gene
• In this technique, a gene gun is used to fire DNA coated pellets on plant tissue

  Biolistic
•   process used to transfer plasmid dna into bacteria

  plasmid insertion by heat shock treatment
• Similar methodology as heat shock treatment

  Electroporation
• the process through which populations of living organisms adapt and change.

  Natural selection
• an evolutionary process in which humans conciously select for or against particular features in organisms

  Artificial Selection
• preserved remnants or once living organisms trapped in rocks, tar pits, frozen in ice or enbedded in amber.

  Fossils
• the study of the development of the anatomy of an organism to its adult form also gives evidence of relatedness between now widely different groups of organisms

  Embryology
• Similar structures in different species irrespective of their function are called

  homologous structures
• are structures which are different in appearance but have the similar function.

  Analogous structures
• are anatomical features that are usually reduced and have no function in many organisms

  Vestigial Structures
• the study of the geographic distribution of organisms

  Biogeography
• A mechanism of evolution responsible for random changes in a gene pool

  Gene drift
• Small group leaves with varying gene frequency

  Founder effect
• This is a change in the Dna sequence of the gene. It is the source of new alleles in the population.

  Mutation
• It is simple the effect of change

  Gene drift
• It occurs during meiosis when chromosomes exchange genes

  Recombination
• The floe of alleles in and out of the population resulting from the migration of the individuals or gametes

  Gene flow
• Random reduction in population which changes gene pool

  BottleNeck effect
• a collection of evolutionary mechanisms behaviors and psychological processes critical for speciation

  Reproductive Isolating Mechanism
• before fertilization

  Pre-zygotic Isolation mechanisms
• When two species that could interbreed do not because the species live in different areas

  Geographic or ecological or habitat isolation