Gen Physio

• Immununity is a complex process involving the interaction of the immune system with antigens.
• The immune system consists of various components such as B cells, T cells, and antibodies.
• B cells are responsible for producing antibodies which recognize antigens.
• The quantity of blood carried by a unit of blood vessels is small quantities of oxygen, and the rate of blood flow may be increased enough that almost normal quantities of oxygen are actually delivered to the tissues.
• T cells are responsible for recognizing and killing infected cells.
• Most natural substances of the body have protective protein coats that repel the phagocytes.
• Conversely, most dead tissues and foreign particles have no protective coats, making them better subjects to phagocytosis.
• The immune system of the boy develops antibodies against infectious agents such as bacteria.
• Sickle cell anemia results in deficiency of hemoglobin in the blood, leading to blood loss and anemia.
• RBC concentration usually returns to normal within 3-6 weeks.
• In chronic blood loss, hemoglobin is absobed in the tissues, leading to anemia.
• After rapid hemorrhage, the body replaces the fluid portion of the plasma in the placenta in 1-3 days.
• Sickle cell anemia is replaced by Glutamate in the beta chain of hemoglobin, causing long-elongated crystals inside the RBC when exposed to low oxygen levels, causing rupture of cells and hemolysis.
• 3% leaks through capillary membrane into the tissue spaces or globular membrane, resulting in hemoglobin being an excellent acid-base buffer, making RBC resorption possible for most acid-base buffers.
• Both conditions lead to a lack of functioning bone marrow.
• Hemoglobin is an excellent acid-base buffer, making RBC resorption possible for most acid-base buffers.
• Hemolytic Anemia is observed in different abnormalities of the RBC, usually hereditary, making cells fragile and easy to rupture, also known as megaloblasts.
• Antibodies are proteins that bind to antigens, marking them for recognition and destruction by the immune system.
• RBC is produced smaller than normal with little hemoglobin inside resulting in Microcytic Hemolytic Anemia.
• RBC grows larger than normal, with odd shapes, and fragile membranes causing easy rupture, also known as megaloblasts.
• PLASTIC ANEMIA is due to a lack of functioning bone marrow.
• Observed in deficiencies in Vitamin B12, Folic Acid, and Intrinsic Factor.
• Absorption of cobalamin in the gut is required for maturation of red blood cells, which takes 3-4 years.
• Roinestinal tract combines with cyanocobalamin in food, making it available for absorption in the gut.
• Absorption of cobalamin in the gut requires 1-3 mcg of cyanocobalamin, the minimum amount needed per day to maintain normal RBC maturation.
• Prostaglandin is a hormone that regulates various bodily functions such as water secretion and urine concentration.
• Oxytocin is a hormone that regulates uterine contractions.
• Hereditary spherocytosis is a rare disease where red blood cells are small and spherical, and cannot withstand compression forces, hence easily ruptured by light compression.
• Rh positive blood in the fetus are attacked by antibodies from a Rh negative mother, causing the next pregnancy to have Rh positive fetuses.
• Sickle cell anemia is a hemolytic anemia where hemoglobin S, which contains faulty beta chains, precipitates in the red blood cell erythrocyte.
• Anemia affects the circulatory system functionally, causing the viscosity of the blood to increase, resulting in decreased blood flow through the vessels.
• The effects of anemia on a circulatory system functionally can be compared to the effects of a heart attack, causing increased cardiac output and increased cardiac workload.
• Important effect of leukemia on the body is excessive use of metabolic substances, leading to excessive utilization of energy reserves and oxygen.
• Leukemia affects the cell's metabolism, leading to excessive use of metabolic resources and excessive production of reactive oxygen species.
• Leukemia first effects include an increase in leukemic cells in the body, which may invade surrounding tissues, causing pain, and eventually lead to a tenancy for bones to fracture.
• Common effects of leukemia include development of infection, severe anemia, and bleeding due to tenancy for bone marrow to open.
• Excessive utilization of energy reserves and oxygen due to leukemia can lead to a tenancy for mineral acids to accumulate in the body, causing mineralization defects.
• Hemoglobin must remain inside RBC to perform its functions effectively.
• Stronger inner contractions lead to an increase in glucose levels.
• Wound repair involves placing a dressing on the wound site, releasing chemicals, and allowing the wound to heal.