3

• Oppression means abuse and cruelty
• Literature reflects our engagement with the reality of oppression
• After independence, the specter of oppression remained, with President Ferdinand Marcos being a clear subject
• Theme is also known as subject and dramatic situations
• Poems are presented via a speaker in the poem or a persona
• Persona can be the character in the poem or the observer watching the situation unfold
• The Philippines was under Martial Law for 9 years
• Martial Law began on September 21, 1972, under proclamation no. 1081
• The author of "Apo on the Wall" is BJ Patino
• BJ Patino graduated from Ateneo de Manila and is known as a photojournalist of Mindanao News and I.C.C, holding a master's degree in anthropology
• Marcos arrested writers during martial law, as these individuals had significance in shaping the country's thoughts
• Canonical collection of works is considered valuable to Philippine society
• The act of reading affects our perception of meaning, with feelings changing from the beginning to the end
• Reader Response Criticism focuses on how the reader responds to a text
• Society determines what is canonical
• In Reader Response Criticism, the text is seen as an experience, not an object, living in the reader's imagination
• Meaning is derived from the reader, reading situation, and text
• Two important ideas in reader response are that the reader's interpretation usually changes over time and readers interpret texts differently
• Ultimately, it's about how and what the reader feels about the text they have read