Physics

• Redshift is an increase in the observed wavelength of electromagnetic radiation emitted from receding stars and galaxies
• (expected λ - actual λ) / (actual λ) = (galaxy speed) / (light speed)
• Absolute zero = 273.15ºC / 0K
• PV = constant

  Pressure-volume relationship
• Brownian Motion


  Motion of small particles suspended in a liquid or gas, caused by molecular bombardment
• Δenergy

  Mass x specific heat capacity x Δtemperature
• Evaporation vs Boiling

  • Boiling only happens at boiling point temp
  • Evaporation occurs at any temp
  • Boiling happens throughout the liquid
  • Evaporation only happens at the surface
  • Boiling = bubble, evaporation = no bubbles
• Convection current


  Transfer of thermal energy by the motion of a fluid
• Specific heat capacity

  The amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1kg by 1ºC
• Temperature

  Measure of the average kinetic energy of the individual particles
• Conventional current

  Direction positive charges would flow in a complete circuit, from the positive to negative terminals of a cell, and opposite to the direction that electrons flow
• Internal energy

  Total energy of all the particles
• Thermal expansion


  Increase in volume of a material when its temperature rises
• transformer efficiency formula = (Vs / Vp) x 100
• Relationship between voltage and number of coils

  (Vp / Vs) = (Np / Ns)
• 100% transformer efficiency

  (Vp x Ip) = Vs x Is)

  Pp = Ps
• E = VIt

  E = Pt
• An electric field is the region where an electric charge experiences a force.