1) Two groups of boys were followed around, the MC delinquents & WC delinquents
2) The saints would cause trouble but were viewed as being good boys as they weren't caught
3) The roughnecks were targeted as being trouble makers as it took place in the local area
What are the two types of shaming according to Braithwaite?
Disintegrative, Where not only the crime, but the criminal is labelled as bad and the offender is excluded from society
Reintegrative, By contrast, labels the act only
What is an example of the deviance amplification spiral?
(Cohen) FolkDevils & Moral Panics
-In a moral panic, a folk devil is identified as a threat, the media and moral entrepreneurs call for a crackdown, there is an increase in the scale of the problem as more individuals are publiclylabelled
Deviance amplification spiral
Where attempts to controldeviance actually produce an increase in deviance, leading to greater attempts at control and still higher levels of deviance
How does Lemert define primary & secondary deviance?
-Primary- deviant acts that haven't been publicly labelled
-Secondary- individual being deviant due to being labelled
Alternative statistics
Some sociologists use victimsurveys or self-reportstudies to gain a more accurate view of the amount of crime
The social construction of official crime statistics
Over representation of WC, MEGs & men in crime statistics and how they're 'constrcuted
The dark figure of crime
-The difference between official statistics and the real rates of crime
-We don't know for sure how much crime is unreported
What did Cicourel say about the negotiation of justice?
Officers' decisions to arrest are often influenced by stereotypes about offenders
Concentrate on certain 'types'- showing a class bias
MC parents more likely to negotiate on their child's behalf to get them out of trouble
What did Piliavin and Briar find about police arrest practices?
Police officers used 'physicalcues' to decide whether or not to arrest someone
Status crimes
Behaviour that is illegal only because of the individual's age, such as drinking alcohol, truancy or sexual promiscuity
What does Platt think about 'juvenile delinquency'?
-It was originally created by the Victorian upper class, aimed at protecting young people at risk of criminality
-Caused juvenile courts to be created to convict them of 'status-crimes
What does Becker say are the two effects of changing laws?
Creation of a new group of 'outsiders' who break the new law
The creation or expansion of social control agencies e.g. police to enforce the law
What does Becker say about what defines an act as deviant?