eng (2.1)

• Social media is digital technology that allows the sharing of ideas and information, including text and visuals, through virtual networks and communities.
• Linear text refers to traditional text that needs to be read from the beginning to end
• The reader makes sense of the text according to the grammatical and syntactic arrangement of the words
• Examples of linear text include novels, poems, short stories, letters, essays, educational texts, and newspapers
• Non-linear text is presented in a non-sequential manner, where readers do not have to go through the text sequentially to make sense of it
• Non-linear text is presented in pictorial or diagrammatic form
• • Map: shows a scale representation of a whole or part of a specific area
  • Concept Map: shows relationships between the main idea and other information
  • Sequence Chart: presents a series of steps or events in order
  • T-Chart: helps organize ideas into two columns and examine two components of an object, concept, or events
• Kinds of non-linear text include:

  • Line Graph & Bar Graph: uses bars/lines to present a trend or change observed over a period of time
  • Pie Graph: uses a circle divided into slices to show how a whole is divided into different parts
  • Table: summarizes and organizes information using rows and columns
  • Fishbone Diagram: visually represents cause and effect
  • Venn Diagram: highlights similarities and differences of two objects being compared
  • Organizational Chart: represents an organization's structure, highlighting different jobs, departments, and responsibilities
• Transcoding information from linear to non-linear text involves:

  • Step 1: Read the text and main idea
  • Step 2: Extract necessary information for the visual presentation
  • Step 3: Classify information into categories
  • Step 4: Use the correct non-linear text to present the information
• Transcoding information from non-linear text to linear involves:

  • Step 1: Interpret the data presented in the graph
  • Step 2: Write an overview or main idea and create a scenario
  • Step 3: Write the key features and enumerate the data in linear text
  • Step 4: Describe the given graph using appropriate words or phrases
• FORMAL AND INFORMAL DEFINITIONS

  • A definition explains the meaning of a certain word or phrase.

  
  

  • Formal Definition
  • is based on a short, logical pattern that includes as much information as it can within a minimum space.

  
  

  • Parts of a Formal Definition
  • Term
  • Class 
  • Definition

  
  

  • Informal Definition
  • the writer uses known words or examples; these definitions may be synonyms or antonyms introduced by or, in other words, or like.
• Claims in an essay are arguable statements that define the goal of the essay.
• A claim is a single statement that is not in the form of a question.It is the central statement of a text where the writer tries to prove points by providing details, explanations, and evidence.
• A good claim should be arguable, specific, interesting, engaging, and logical.
• Claim of Fact:

  • Asserts that a condition existed, exists, or will exist based on facts or data
  • There must be potential for controversy, conflict, or change
  • Questions to check if a claim is a claim of fact:
  • Can we investigate it through research or interviews?
  • Did it happen?
• Claim of Policy:

  • Statements that argue that something needs to be done, like making a law or calling for action
  • Usually includes modals like should and must
  • Questions to check if a claim is a claim of policy:
  • What should be done?
• Claim of Value:

  • Based on preference such as likes or dislikes, good or bad
  • Compares two ideas against one another
  • Expresses approval or disapproval about something
  • Questions to check if a claim is a claim of value:
  • Is it good or bad?
  • Is it valuable or not valuable?
• Light waves bounce off from a reflecting surface, known as reflection
• Two types of reflection: specular and diffuse
• Specular / Regular reflection occurs on smooth surfaces like mirrors, where all the normals are in the same direction, creating a clear image
• Diffuse or scattered reflection happens on rough surfaces like paper, where normals point in different directions, preventing a clear reflection
• Angle of incidence always equals the angle of reflection
• Reflection of light may exhibit absorption and scattering
• Absorption: transfer of energy carried by light waves to particles of matter
• Scattering: reflection of light by particles