Bio unit 1

• Scientific method: observation > question > hypothesis > experiment > analysis > conclusion > peer review
• independent variable: changed, dependent variable: response based on independent
• scientific theory: accepted explanation for something, logical based on observations. scientific law: description of something, proved, includes formulas or equations
• quantitative data (counted), qualitative data (observed)
• line graph (over time), bar graph (counted, multiple variables), circle graph (100%)
• to be considered living you must: have cells, reproduce, grow, develop, obtain/use energy, respond to stimuli, homeostasis, adapt
• development: change form (butterfly), adapt: change to suit enviorment
• ecosystem (all living & non living things in an area) > community (many different species living in an area) > population (many of one species) > organism (one living thing) > group of cells > cell
• organic: any molecule containing carbon (living or once living)
• monomers make up polymers
• 4 macro molecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
• Carbohydrates elements: CHO in a 1:2:1 ratio
• carbohydrates monomer: monosaccharide
• glucose is what plants make during photosynthesis, glucose is stored as cellulose which makes up plants: cell wall, stores energy, gives support, food source
• chitin: carb that makes up exoskeleton of insects
• carbs are quick energy, lipids are long term energy
• lipids elements: CHO
• lipids monomers: fatty acids & glycerol
• lipids are insoluble/nonpolar
• examples of lipids: waxes, oils, steroids, cholesterol, hormones, butter
• examples of carbohydrates: sugar, glucose, lactose, crackers, cake, pasta
• Protein elements: CHON - building blocks: amino acids
• protein functions: create structure, make enzymes, growth & repair, makes antibodies
• proteins are found in: hemoglobin, meats, eggs, fish, nuts, some grains
• proteins are held together by peptide bonds, multiple are called polypeptides
• enzymes are made of protein, they speed up chemical reactions by acting as a catalyst (lower activation rate)
• enzymes can be reused and are specific (but can break down multiple substrates)
• examples of enzymes: lactase, amylase, pepsin
• if an enzyme is not at the right temperature or pH, it will be denatured (change shape=doesnt work)
• substrate: molecule that enzymes reacts with, active site: part of enzyme that substrate bonds to
• Nucleic acids elements: CHONP, monomer: nucleotide
• nucleic acids make up DNA (code for all body functions) & RNA (works with dna to make protein)
• Nucleic acids 3 part structure: phosphate > covalent bond > sugar > hydrogen bond > nitrogen base
• Nitrogen bases: DNA (thymine & adenine, cytosine & guanine), RNA (uracil & adenine, cytosine & guanine)
• 0-6 pH: acidic, 8-14: alkaline/basic, 7 is neutral, buffers keep pH stable (homeostasis)
• water is polar (2 poles, neg charge on oxygen, pos charge on hydrogen)
• cohesion: attraction of molecules of the same kind (water to water)
• adhesion: attraction of different molecules (water to clothes)
• Hydrolysis: adds water to break apart a substance