paper 2

• What is a repeating unit?

  A part of a polymer that would make a complete polymer molecule if many of them were joined end to end
• What happens in an addition polymerisation reaction?

  Many small molecules (monomers) join together to form large molecules (polymers)
• What is the name of the reaction that turns alkene into polymers?

  Addition polymerisation
• What is the word equation for the formation of esters?


  Carboxylic acid + alcohol → ester + water
• What are esters used for?


  Solvents or because they have fruity smells
• What is the name of ester formed from ethanoic acid and ethanol?

  Ethyl ethanoate
• Why are carboxylic acids weak rather than strong acids?

  Carboxylic acids only partially ionise so do not contain as many hydrogen ions as strong acids (which fully ionise) so the pH is higher
• What happens when carboxylic acids react with alcohols?

  They form esters
• What happens when carboxylic acids are added to water?

  They dissolve to form acidic solutions
• What happens when carboxylic acids react with metal carbonates?

  React to form a salt, carbon dioxide and water
• What are the names of the first four members of the homologous series of carboxylic acids?

  Methanoic acid, ethanoic acid, propanoic acid, butanoic acid
• What is the functional group in carboxylic acids?

  -COOH
• What are the conditions for fermentation of sugar solution to produce ethanol?

  Anaerobic conditions (absence of oxygen), 25-35°C
• What is the word equation for the fermentation of sugar solution using yeast?

  Glucose à Ethanol + Carbon Dioxide
• How are aqueous solutions of ethanol produced?

  By fermentation of sugar solutions using yeast
• What happens when alcohols react with an oxidising agent?


  They are oxidised to carboxylic acids
• What happens when alcohols are added to water?

  They dissolve; though solubility decreases as the molecules increases in size, so butanol is less soluble
• What happens when alcohols burn in air?

  They undergo complete combustion to form carbon dioxide and water
• C2H5OH + Na → H2 + C2H5ONa
• What happens when ethanol reacts with sodium?

  Bubbles of hydrogen gas are seen and sodium ethoxide is produced
• What are the names of the first four members of the homologous series of alcohols?

  Methanol, ethanol, propanol and butanol
• What is the functional group in alcohols?

  -OH
• What conditions are required for alkenes to react with halogens?


  None; the reaction is spontaneous
• What conditions are required for alkenes to react with water?

  Hydration requires the use of steam at 300°C and a catalyst
• What conditions are required for alkenes to react with hydrogen?

  Hydrogenation requires a catalyst
• How do alkenes react with hydrogen, water and the halogens?

  By the addition of atoms across the carbon-carbon double bond so that the double bond becomes a single carbon-carbon bond
• How do alkenes react with oxygen?

  They undergo incomplete combustion, burning in air typically with a smoky flame
• What determines the reactions of organic compounds?

  The reactions of the functional group
• What is the functional group in alkenes?

  C=C
• What are the names of the first four members of the homologous series of alkenes?

  Ethene, propene, butene, pentene
• What do you observe when bromine water is mixed with an alkene?

  There is a colour change; the bromine water turns colourless
• What do you observe when bromine water is mixed with an alkane?

  There is no colour change; the bromine water remains orange/brown
• How can you test for an alkene?

  React it with bromine water
• Which is more reactive, an alkene or an alkane?

  An alkene
• What is always produced when an alkane undergoes cracking?

  Smaller alkane molecule(s) and an alkene
• What are the conditions for steam cracking?

  550°C and steam
• What are the conditions for catalytic cracking?

  550°C using a zeolite catalyst containing aluminium oxide and silicon oxide
• Name the two types of cracking

  Catalytic cracking and steam cracking
• What is the name of the process where hydrocarbons are broken down to produce smaller more useful molecules?

  Cracking
• What are the products of complete combustion of a hydrocarbon?

  Carbon dioxide and water