long term memory

• semantic memory


  -facts

  -meanings

  -concepts

  -knowledge

  about the world
• episodic memory 


  -memory of experiences

  -memory of specific events
• procedural memory


  -unconscious memory of skills

  -'muscle memory'

  -automatic
• declarative memory 


  can be put into words

  -semantic

  -episodic
• non-declarative memory 


  difficult to put into words

  -procedural
• explicit memory 


  consciously recalled

  -semantic

  -episodic
• implicit 


  can't be consciously recalled

  -procedural
• episodic memory features 


  -declarative

  -time stamped

  -recalled consciously

  -autobiographical

  -easy to forget

  -level of emotion felt at time influences strength

  -first coding in prefrontal cortex, stored across brain connected to hippocampus
• semantic memory features


  -declarative

  -not time stamped

  -recalled consciously

  -not autobiographical

  -resistant to forgetting

  -how deeply processed influences strength

  -parahippocampus cortex
• procedural memory features


  -non declarative

  -not time stamped

  -not recalled consciously

  -not autobiographical

  -very resistant to forgetting

  -how many times practised influences strength

  -motor cortex & cerebellum
• semantic memories may start off as episodic - we acquire knowledge based on personal experience

  -memories may slowly lose association to particular events & become semantic
• HM story


  -operation to stop epilepsy

  -removed hippocampus & part of temporal lobes

  -then couldn't form episodic & semantic memories

  -could still form procedural memories
• label

  A) frontal lobe

  B) broca area

  C) parietal lobe

  D) cerebellum

  E) brainstem

  F) right

  G) left

  H) hemispheres

  I) temporal lobe

  J) occipital lobe

  K) wernicke area

  L) motor strip

  M) sensory strip

  
• episodic memory brain parts


  -hippocampus

  -temporal lobe
• semantic memory brain areas


  -temporal lobe
• procedural memory brain areas


  -cerebellum

  -motor cortex
• HM mirror drawing

  -1st day = 30 errors

  -3rd day = 1 error

  -never remembered doing it before

  -learnt how to do it (skill)
• Clive Wearing


  -suffered infection that damaged hippocampus & temporal lobe region

  -unable to remember episodes in his life

  -can still play piano (procedural) (cerebellum in tact)
• strengths of case studies (HM)

  -provides rich & in-depth data as one person studied in detail

  -allows study of unusual cases that could be unethical to 'set up'
• weaknesses of case studies (HM)

  -findings cannot be generalised fully as it's a sample of one person (although everyone does still have a hippocampus)

  -researcher bias - may become emotionally involved with participant
• Alzheimer's disease - supporting evidence 


  -some people with Alzheimer's have ability to form new semantic memories but not episodic

  -these two types of memory are different

  -some argue this isn't sufficient evidence

  -could mean episodic memories place greater demand on mental processing, why it's more affected by brain damage