B1

• Cells are different depending on the job they do and the organism the cells from. Every cell contains structures inside the cell. These are called sub cellular structures.
• Eukaryotic cells contain genetic information in a nucleus. They are complex and relatively large. Plant and animal cells are example of Eukaryotic cells.
• Prokaryotic cells do not contain a nucleus sp genetic material floats in the cytoplasm. They are simple cells and typically smaller than eukaryotic cells. Bacterial cells are examples of prokaryotic cells.
• All eukaryotic cells have a nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane and mitochondria.
• nuclear membrane


  Controls what goes in and out of the nucleus, the mambrane that surrounds the nucleus.
• Lysosome

  cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down certain materials in the cell

  Nickname: Suicide Sack
• Cytoplasm

  a jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended, Allows for chemical reaction to take hold of cells
• Vacuole

  stores water and nutrients for the cell; very large in plant cells
• Mitochondria

  Use cellular respiration to breakdown glucose and produce energy

  Nickname: Powerhouse
• Chromosomes

  threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes
• Ribosomes

  make proteins

  Nickname: Protein factory
• Chloroplasts

  Only found in plant cells organelles that capture the energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy in a process called photosynthesis

  NIckname: Sugar factory
• Cell Wall

  Found only in plant cells the cell wall protects the plant cells and gives them their structure.
• Cell Membrane

  thin, flexible barrier around a cell; regulates what enters and leaves the cell

  NIckname: gatekeeper
• Nucleus

  a part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction

  Nickname: Control Center
• The nucleus controls the activities of the cell. It also contains organisms genetic material and this determines the cells appearance and function.
• The mitochondria is where respiration happens.
• The cell membrane is a selective barrier that controls which substances pass into an out of the cell.
• The cytoplasm is a jelly like substance where the chemical reactions happen.
• Plant and animal cells are very different. The plant cells make their own food and they cannot move their whole body from place to place. This means that the cells require extra subcellular structures. These are the cell wall, vacuole and chloroplasts.
• The vacuole is full of cell sap and keeps the cell rigid.
• The cell wall surrounds the cell and is made of tough fiber which makes the wall rigid and supports the cell.
• Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll that transfer energy from the sun to the plant as light which can be used in photosynthesis. Chloroplasts are only in the green parts of plants.
• How does the temperature effect the rate of photosynthesis?

  At low temperatures, the enzymes work at a slower pace and at high temperatures the enzymes will denature- the rate of reaction decreases rapidly.
• What is the ideal temperature needed for photosynthesis?

  45 degrees.
• How does carbon dioxide effect photosynthesis?


  The amount of carbon dioxide will only increase the rate of photosynthesis up to a certain point. After reaching the point, carbon dioxide is no longer the limiting factor.
• How does light level effect photosynthesis?


  If the light level is raised, the rate of photosynthesis increases steadily to a certain point. Overall, it does not make much of a difference.
• What are the two main stages of photosynthesis?


  Energy transferred by light is used to split water into oxygen gas and hydrogen ions. Carbon dioxide then combines with the hydrogen ions to make glucose.
• What time of reaction is photosynthesis?


  Endothermic
• What is the balanced symbol equation for photo synthesis?

  
• Where does photosynthesis occur?

  Photosynthesis happens inside chloroplasts- they contain chlorophyll which absorbs the light.
• What is glucose used for in plants?


  Some of the glucose is used to make larger, complex molecules that the plants need to grow. These make up the organism's biomass.
• What happens during photosynthesis?


  Photosynthetic organisms (e.g green plants and algae) use the energy from the sun to make glucose.
• How are lipids broken down in the body?


  Lipids are broken down by enzymes in the small intestine.
• What do lipids contain?

  Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen atoms.
• What are lipids made up of (in regards to fats and oils)?


  Glycerol and 3 fatty acids.
• How are proteins broken down in the body?

  Proteins are broken down by enzymes in the stomach and small intestine.
• What are amino acids made of?

  Carbon, Nitrogen, Hydrogen and Oxygen atoms
• What are proteins made of?

  Proteins are polymers that are made up of long chains of monomers called amino acids.
• How are carbohydrates broken down in the body?

  Carbohydrates are digested/broken down by enzymes in the mouth and small intestine.