Geology

• Q: Lahars(Mudflows)

  A: consists of volcanic ash and debris that becomes saturated with water and rapidly moves down steep volcanic slopes
• Q: Pyroclastic Flow

  A: consists of hot gases infused with incandescent gas and large lava fragments
• Q:Lava Domes

  A: A lava dome began to develop in the vent of mount st Helens after the 1980 eruption
• Q:Mount St. Helens

  A: The force of the explosive eruption stripped trees of their branches 

  Propelled as over 11 miles into the astratosphere!
• Q:Predicting Volcanic eruptions: Warning signs

  A:Scientists can not predict exactly when a volcanic eruption will occur

  • Remote sensing
  • Seismicity
  • Ground deformation
  • Geophysical Measurements
  • Gas
  • Hydrolog
• Q: Mass wasting and Landslides: Driven by gravity

  A: Mass wasting refers to the large downslope movement of rock, soil, and debris due to the force of gravity
• Q: What are some of the driving sources of mass wasting and landslides 

  A: Gravity, Running water, Slope, Vegetation, Earthquakes, Groundwater, Coastal process, Wind 
• Q:Control water and mass wasting

  A: Water,Vegetations,Slope,Earthquakes 
• Q: The role of water 

  A: The sediment pores are filled with the water , cohesion among particles are destroyed ,.Water can lubricant materials ,Water can add weight to the material
• Q: what is creep

  A: Creep is the gradual movement of soil downhill

  
• Q: Creep

  A: -Aided by the alternative expansion and contraction of the surface material

  -Causes fences and utility walls to tilt
• Q: Permafrost is

  A: permanently frozen ground
• Q: Slump

  A: A slump is the movement of a mass of rock or unconsolidated material as a unit along a curved surface ( can involve a mass or mulitple blocks)
• Q:Classification of mass-wasting processes

  A: A rock avalanche is the most rapid type of mass wasting(Rocks float on air as they move downslope)
• Q:Rate of movement

  A: Fast
• Q:Rapid forms of mass wasting

  A: Rockslide (A rockslide occurs when clocks of bedrock slide down a slope, Generally, very fast and destructive, Sometimes triggered by earthquakes, Sometimes triggered by melting snow or rain, happens during the spring time , natural )
• Q:Debris flow

  A: The consistency of a debris flow ranges from that of wet concrete to a soupy mixture not much thicker than muddy water

  • A rapid for of mass wasting that involves the flow of soil with water
  • Often confined to channels and canyons
• Q:California Landslide

  A: Considered one of the largest known landslides in North America (San Bernardino Mountains)
• Q:Flooding in Los Angeles (The Los Angeles Basin)

  A:

  •  it’s unconsolidated material and geological and change it’s course 
  • In 1938 the LA river flood its banks after two back to back rain storm (it overflowed) like two weeks 
  • One years worth of precipitations in just a few days
  • Cause flooding on three rivers that converged in La 
  • The los angeles, san gabriel , and santa ana river burst their banks
• Q: Deltas

  A:

  • Deltas formed when a stream enters standing water
  • Where the water reach the base, the sediments  get dumps into layers and once it gets dry it will be built onto a ocean or a large lake
• Q:World largest delta 

  A:

  • Bangladesh was formed on a delta and the whole country and site from three whole rivers
• Q: Groundwater:

  A:

  • Groundwater resides in subsurface pore spaces
  • Porosity: Pores are open spaces within sediment
  • The total volume of open space is termed porosity
  • Permeability: The ease of water flow due to pore interconnectedness
  • Large and straight flow paths enhance permeability
• Q: Storage and Movement of groundwater

  A:

  • Aquifers: Porous and permeable rocks or sediment that freely transmit groundwater
  • Watertable - is the highest line dividing line between saturation and unsaturation ( sandy soils and might have a clay layer) 
• Q:Tapping Groundwater

  A:

  • An artesian well is a confined aquifer containing groundwater under pressure producing a constant supply of water with little or no pumping
  • Upland recharge pressurises the aquifer
  • Water rises in artesian well to the surface
• Q:Groundwater Problems

  A:

  • Groundwater is an important natural resource
  • It accounts for 95% of all the liquid freshwater on Earth
  • Groundwater recharge is SLOW
  • Groundwater is threatened by
  • Mismanagement
  • Overuse/Depletion
  • Pollution
• Q:Groundwater Mismanagement

  A:

  • Saltwater intrusion renders the water undrinkable
  • Beneath coastal land, freshwater “floats” on saltwater
  • Pumping causes the fresh/salt boundary to rise
  • Eventually, saltwater may enter the pumping well
• Q: Groundwater Overuse/Depletion

  A:

  • Land subsidence occurs when groundwater is removed
  • Water in pore space acts to hold grains apart
  • Sediment grains compress; pores collapse
  • The land surface cracks and sinks
  • Subsidence is mostly irreversible
  • Dramatic examples of subsidence are well known
  • The San Joaquin Valley, California
  • The leaning tower of Pisa, Italy
  • Sinking buildings in Venice, Italy
• Q:Groundwater Contamination

  A:

  • There are many sources of groundwater contamination
  • Pollution is often not recognised until damage occurs 
  • Groundwater cleanup is slow, expensive, and limited
• Q:Surface Runoff and Groundwater Contamination

  A:

  • Industrial pollution
  • Agricultural products
  • Underground storage tanks
  • Landfills
  • Septic tanks
• Q:Principal sources of groundwater Contamination in the U.S.

  A: Pollution of Groundwater

  • If surface water is polluted, groundwater is contaminated during recharge
  • Whereas pollution in surface water flushes downstream, slow moving groundwater once contaminated remains polluted groundwater
• Q:Hurricane

  A: In Atlantic and East Pacific
• Q: Typhoons

  A: In West Pacific
• Q:Cyclones

  A: In Indian Oceans and Australia
• Q:Tropical Disturbance

  A: Cluster of thunderstorms
• Q:Tropical Depression

  A: Lowering of pressure in centre of thunderstorm cluster and counterclockwise rotation begins
• Q:Tropical Storm

  A:Sustained 37 mph winds - given a name at this point
• Q:Hurricane

  A: Are driven by latent heat> 28^C (82^F)

  Require Sea Surface Temperature(SST)
• Q:Coriolis Force too weak at equator

  A:

  1. So hurricanes rarely form near the equator
  2. The Coriolis tend to deflect moving object to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern
  3. The coriolis force is too weak to move the air around low pressure
• Q:Unstable air

  A:

  1. -IN Western Oceans
  2. Warmest SSTs on Western Sides of oceans so air warmer and get more intense
• Q:Little WInd Sheer

  A: Occur where there is-

  1. Strong vertical wind shear spreads hurricane out, less concentrated heat