kidneys, endocrine system and pancreas

• The pancreas produces insulin and regulates blood sugar levels.
• The adrenal gland produces adrenaline for fight or flight.
• The testes produce testosterone which is used in puberty and sperm production.
• The thyroid produces thyroxine which regulates rate of metabolism, heart rate and temperature.
• Hormones control things needing constant adjustment.
• Hormones are produced in glands which are called endocrine glands.
• Hormones have long lasting effects.
• Hormones affect target organs.
• Hormones are chemical molecules released into the blood.
• Hormones are more general than nerves.
• Hormones are slower acting than nerves.
• Hormones last longer than nerves.
• Nerves are more precise than hormones.
• Nerves are faster acting than hormones.
• Nerves take a shorter time to act than hormones.
• Eating carbohydrates puts glucose into your blood from your gut.
• Exercise removes glucose from the blood.
• Metabolism of cells removes glucose from the blood.
• Excess glucose is stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles.
• Changes of blood glucose levels are monitored and controlled by the pancreas using insulin and glucagon in a negative feedback cycle.
• Too high blood glucose levels mean the pancreas will secrete insulin.
• Too low blood glucose levels mean the pancreas will secrete glucagon.
• Type 1 diabetes means the pancreas produces little to no insulin, meaning their blood glucose levels can rise to a level that can kill them.
• Type 2 diabetes means that the cells no longer respond to the insulin produced by the pancreas and they become resistant to it.
• Type 1 diabetics need insulin therapy where they need to inject insulin multiple times a day so glucose is removed quickly from the blood once food is digested.
• Type 2 diabetics need regular exercise and to be on a carbohydrate controlled diet.
• Being overweight increases your chance of type 2 diabetes.
• Kidneys make urine by taking waste products from your blood.
• During filtration when blood passes through the kidneys, useful products like glucose, ions and certain amount of water are reabsorbed back into the blood.
• Urea, some ions and certain quantities of water are all removed during filtration through the kidneys.
• Proteins cant be stored in the body so excess amino acids are converted to fats and carbohydrates which can be stored, the whole process is called deamination.
• Ammonia is a waste product of deamination, which is toxic.
• Ammonia is converted into urea in the liver and filtered out in the kidneys.
• The right amount of ions are reabsorbed by the kidneys into the blood after filtration and the rest is filtered out.
• Ovaries produce estrogen which is used in the menstrual cycle.
• The pituitary gland is the ‘master gland’ and acts on other glands, regulating body conditions.
• The pancreas produces insulin and regulates blood sugar levels.
• The adrenal gland produces adrenaline for fight or flight.
• The testes produce testosterone which is used in puberty and sperm production.
• The thyroid produces thyroxine which regulates rate of metabolism, heart rate and temperature.