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• Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods are the three main types of research
• Qualitative research focuses on words, construction, meanings, and interpretations
• Quantitative research focuses on observable and measurable data expressed in numerical form and analyzed through statistical techniques
• Mixed methods research incorporates elements of both qualitative and quantitative research
• Qualitative research asks open-ended questions to extract meanings, perceptions, and interpretations
• Qualitative research cannot be analyzed without proper reference to the context, setting, or experiences of the participants
• Examples of qualitative research topics include perspectives of teachers on anti-bullying policies, cultural practices of indigenous groups, perceptions on freedom of speech, and interpretations of political speeches
• Qualitative research uses strategies such as phenomenology, grounded theory, ethnography, case studies, and narratives
• Data collection methods in qualitative research include interviews, focus group discussions, and content analysis
• Quantitative research tests objective theories by examining the relationship among variables
• Quantitative research uses statistical knowledge in the collection, analysis, and interpretation of numerical data
• Examples of quantitative research topics include effects of physical exercise on sleep quality, preferences of college students towards computer operating systems, and impact of social media use on rising fashion trends
• Main strategies of inquiry for quantitative research are surveys and experiments
• Quantitative research uses closed-ended questions and an objective standpoint in relation to participants
• Mixed methods research combines elements of qualitative and quantitative research in terms of strategies, methods, and focus
• Mixed methods research ensures the complementarity of both qualitative and quantitative approaches
• Mixed methods research may be sequential, concurrent, or transformative in terms of the sequence of methods
• Sequential mixed methods research elaborates on findings of one method with another method
• Concurrent mixed methods research uses qualitative and quantitative methods and data at the same time
• Transformative mixed methods research contains elements of either concurrent or sequential mixed methods research