Module 3

• anal stage - psychosexual stage in which children experience pleasure in their bowel and bladder movements
• analytical psychology - Jung’s theory focusing on the balance of opposing forces within one’s personality and the significance of the collective unconscious
• archetype - pattern that exists in our collective unconscious across cultures and societies
• Big Five - theory that personality is composed of five factors, including openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism
• collective unconscious - common psychological tendencies that have been passed down from one generation to the next
• congruence - state of being in which our thoughts about our real and ideal selves are very similar
• conscious - mental activity (thoughts, feelings, and memories) that we can access at any time
• Contemporized-Themes Concerning Blacks Test (C-TCB) - projective test designed to be culturally relevant to African Americans, using images that relate to African-American culture
• culture - all of the beliefs, customs, art, and traditions of a particular society
• defense mechanism - unconscious protective behaviours designed to reduce ego anxiety
• displacement - ego defense mechanism in which a person transfers inappropriate urges or behaviours toward a more acceptable or less threatening target
• ego - aspect of personality that represents the self, or the part of one’s personality that is visible to others
• genital stage - psychosexual stage in which the focus is on mature sexual interests
• heritability - proportion of difference among people that is attributed to genetics
• id - aspect of personality that consists of our most primitive drives or urges, including impulses for hunger, thirst, and sex
• ideal self - person we would like to be
• incongruence - state of being in which there is a great discrepancy between our real and ideal selves
• individual psychology - school of psychology proposed by Adler that focuses on our drive to compensate for feelings of inferiority
• inferiority complex - refers to a person’s feelings that they lack worth and don’t measure up to others’ or to society’s standards
• latency period - psychosexual stage in which sexual feelings are dormant
• locus of control - beliefs about the power we have over our lives; an external locus of control is the belief that our outcomes are outside of our control; an internal locus of control is the belief that we control our own outcomes
• Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) - personality test composed of a series of true/false questions in order to establish a clinical profile of an individual
• neurosis - tendency to experience negative emotions
• oral stage - psychosexual stage in which an infant’s pleasure is focused on the mouth
• personality - long-standing traits and patterns that propel individuals to consistently think, feel, and behave in specific ways
• phallic stage - psychosexual stage in which the focus is on the genitals
• projection - ego defense mechanism in which a person confronted with anxiety disguises their unacceptable urges or behaviours by attributing them to other people
• Projective test - personality assessment in which a person responds to ambiguous stimuli, revealing hidden feelings, impulses, and desires
• psychosexual stages of development - stages of child development in which a child’s pleasure-seeking urges are focused on specific areas of the body called erogenous zones
• rationalization - ego defense mechanism in which a person confronted with anxiety makes excuses to justify behaviour
• reaction formation - ego defense mechanism in which a person confronted with anxiety swaps unacceptable urges or behaviours for their opposites
• real self - person who we actually are
• reciprocal determinism - belief that one’s environment can determine behaviour, but at the same time, people can influence the environment with both their thoughts and behaviours
• regression - ego defense mechanism in which a person confronted with anxiety returns to a more immature behavioural state
• repression - ego defense mechanism in which anxiety-related thoughts and memories are kept in the unconscious
• Rorschach Inkblot Test - projective test that employs a series of symmetrical inkblot cards that are presented to a client by a psychologist in an effort to reveal the person’s unconscious desires, fears, and struggles
• Rotter Incomplete Sentence Blank (RISB) - projective test that is similar to a word association test in which a person completes sentences in order to reveal their unconscious desires, fears, and struggles
• selective migration - concept that people choose to move to places that are compatible with their personalities and needs
• self-concept - our thoughts and feelings about ourselves
• self-efficacy - someone’s level of confidence in their own abilities