UPPER EXTREMITY

• The supraspinatus is innervated by the suprascapular nerve
• the clavicle most commonly fractures at the middle third of the clavicle
• the axillary nerve is a terminal branch off of the nerve roots C5-c6
• the borders of the triangular space include: teres major, teres minor, and the long head of the triceps
• the teres minor is innervated by the axillary nerve
• the supraspinatus main action is abduction of the humerus
• the infraspinatus is a muscle that sits below the spine of the scapula and is responsible for external rotation
• the superior angle of the scapula sits at the level of the second thoracic verterbra
• the teres major adducts and internally rotates the humerus
• head of the humerus articulates with the glenoid fossa
• brachial plexus is formed by the ventral rami of C5-T1
• C5 and C6 form the superior trunk
• C7 continues as the middle trunk
• C8 and T1 form the inferior trunk
• coracobrachialis is innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve. It flexes and adducts arm at the glenohumeral joint
• the biceps brachii is innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve. THe biceps brachii actions include: elbow flexion when forearm is supinated and supination of forearm
• The brachialis is innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve and participates in elbow flexion
• The triceps brachii is made up of three heads: long head, lateral head, and medial head. It is innervated by the radial nerve and its main actions are elbow extension and long head stabilizes humeral head.
• the anconeous muscle is innervated by the radial nerve and its main actions are assisting in triceps in elbow extension, stabilizing elbow, and abducts ulna during pronation.
• The brachial artery is the main blood supplier for the arm. It runs from the inferior border of the teres major to neck of the radius in the cubital fossa.
• The four major nerves of the arm are the median, ulnar, musculocutaneous, and radial nerves. The median and ulnar nerves have no branches feeding the brachial region they are simply along for the ride.
• the musculocutaneous nerve supplies anterior compartment of brachial region. It pierces the coracobrachialis and becomes the lateral anterbrachial cutaneous nerve.
• the radial nerve supplies the posterior compartment of brachial region
• The cubital fossa borders goes as follows:

  • superior border- imaginary line between medial and lateral epicondyles
  • medial border- pronator teres
  • lateral border- brachioradialis
  • floor- brachialis and supinator
  • roof- fascia, bicipital aponeurosis, skin
• the contents of the cubital fossa include the brachial artery and its terminal branches (radial and ulnar arteries), the basilic and median cubital veins, and the median, radial, medial and lateral anterbrachial cutaneous nerves
• the cords of the brachial plexus are named based of their location in relation to the axillary artery
• The nerve roots that contribute to the brachial plexus are C5-C8 and T1
• Side branches of the medial cord include the medial pectoral nerve, medial brachial cutaneous nerve, and the medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve
• The Long Thoracic Nerve gets contributions from the C5, C6, and C7 rami
• There are five terminal nerve branches in the brachial plexus
• The lateral cord provides innervation for the brachialis, biceps brachii, and the coracobrachialis
• the posterior cord and its terminal branches provides the motor innercation for all the posterior muscles of the brachial region and posterior forearm
• the biceps brachii has the only intra-articular tendon in the human body
• the brachialis is the only dedicated elbow flexor meaning it is an effective elbow flexor regardless of elbow or wrist position
• the thorax has three compartments: central compartment (mediastinum), right pulmonary cavity, and left pulmonary cavity
• the sternum is made up of the manubirum with the xiphoid process, the body, and the xiphoid process. It's function is to protect the thoracic viscera, allow for ventilation with movement of the ribs.
• Rib 1 articulates with the sternum (manubrium) as a fibrous joint and provides no movement
• Ribs 2-7 are called true ribs as they are synovial joints that glide
• ribs 8-10 are false ribs that articulate with rib 7
• ribs 11-12 are floating ribs