Clinical Topics in Speech and Hearing Sciences

• Basic knowledge about language as a symbolic system includes understanding signed, tactile, and oral language
• Differences between disorders and differences in clinical and applied contexts must be articulated
• Understanding historical and contemporary ideologies in (clinical) language contexts is important
• Knowledge of development and acquired speech and language disorders and impairments is necessary
• Understanding the roles of audiologists, SLPs, and clinicians in working with patients with speech and language difficulties
• Communication difficulties can manifest in receptive language (understanding), expressive language (producing), and pragmatic language (social contexts)
• Time scales for communication difficulties can range from birth, developmental, to acquired
• SLPs work with patients with physical or cognitive difficulties with speech and/or language, including born-with and acquired communication disorders
• AuDs, or hearing clinicians, focus on hearing evaluation, hearing aids, assistive-learning devices, and prevention of hearing loss, working with born-with and acquired communication disorders
• Language is complex, systematic, and endlessly creative
• Speech communication chain involves thinking of communication, selecting words, arranging them following rules, producing words, transmitting the signal, perceiving the signal, decoding, and connecting
• Modality-specific languages include auditory-vocal, visual-gestural, and tactile-gestural languages
• Language knowledge encompasses phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics
• Languages change over time, with varying speed and magnitude of change
• Competence refers to implicit knowledge about language, while performance is the observable use of language
• Levels of evidence in research include meta-analyses, RCTs, experimental studies, and case reports
• Research and clinical practice in speech-language pathology go hand in hand, with different types of research including basic science, applied research, and clinical research
• Face validity and outcome measures are important in determining the effectiveness of interventions in speech-language pathology
• Communication and relationship-centered care principles, including trust, knowledge, communication, culture, and challenges for providers
• Monosyllabic signs in ASL have just one handshape, one location, and one direction
• ASL has 2 primary articulators: right and left hand
• Phonemes are meaningful differences in speech sounds in a language
• Allophones are different phones where linguistic meaning doesn't change
• Phonemes are a set of speech sounds that are variants of each other
• Natural class in phonetics refers to sounds in a language that can be categorized as a group
• Phonological rules include assimilation, dissimilation, insertion, deletion, and metathesis
• Assimilation is when neighboring sounds become more similar to each other
• Dissimilation is when sounds become less similar
• Insertion involves adding sounds to words, like pronouncing "hamster" as "hampster"
• Deletion is the opposite of insertion, where sounds are removed from words
• Metathesis involves rearranging or adding sounds to a sequence
• Inflectional affixes do not change the major meaning when added to morphemes
• Derivational affixes change the meaning of morphemes and can change the lexical category
• Morphemes in signed languages can be simultaneous or sequential
• Free morphemes can stand alone as words, like "dog" or "run"
• Bound morphemes cannot stand alone as words, like "-s" or "-tion"
• Reduplication involves repeating whole or part of another morpheme to form new words
• Grammaticality judgments involve determining if a string of linguistic expressions is grammatical in a language
• The principle of compositionality states that the meaning of a sentence is based on the meanings of the linguistic expressions it contains
• Syntactic properties include arguments, adjuncts, and agreement in language