mitosis

• Mitotic phase includes prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis, and interkinesis (G1).
• Interphase is the longest phase, during which DNA replicates and organelles divide to prepare for cell division.
• The cell cycle is the series of events that occur between one cell division and another.
• Prophase is the first stage of cell division where chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes.
• Anaphase is when sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.
• Metaphase is when chromosomes line up at the equatorial plate.
• Prophase involves chromatin condensing into visible chromosomes, nuclear envelope breaking down, centrioles moving apart, spindle fibers forming between them, and microtubules attaching to kinetochores on chromatids.
• Anaphase begins with sister chromatids separating at their centromeres due to tension from kinetochore-microtubule attachments.
• Cell growth occurs throughout the entire life span of cells.
• DNA synthesis or S-phase occurs only once per cell cycle.
• S-phase involves the duplication of chromosomes by DNA polymerases.
• Telophase is when new nuclear envelopes form around the separated sets of chromosomes.
• Cytokinesis is the final step of cell division where cytoplasm divides to produce two daughter cells.
• Cells can be diploid or haploid depending on whether they have two sets of chromosomes or just one set.
• In metaphase, chromosomes align along the center of the cell (metaphase plate) with their kinetochore regions attached to spindle fibers from both poles.