ITC

• Main Units of a Computer

  o Processor – interprets and carries out the basic instructions that operate a computer

  o Main Storage – also called the memory or the primary storage

  o Input – device used to send data to a computer

  o Output – device used to send data from a computer to other devices
• Fill in the missing terms:

  A) Input Unit

  B) Main Storage

  C) Output Unit

  D) Control

  E) Arithmetic Unit

  F) Processor (CPU)

  
• INTEGRATED CIRCUIT

  •Sometimes called a chip or microchip, is a semiconductor wafer on which thousands or millions of tiny resistors, capacitors, and transistors are fabricated
• INTEGRATED CIRCUIT

  •An IC can function as an amplifier, oscillator, timer, counter, computer memory, or microprocessor
• Random Access Memory


  •A semiconductor memory where all read and write functions are performed.

  •It is a volatile memory which needs constant supply of power to store data. All data will be lost when power is turned off.
• Read-only memory, also known as firmware

  >Instructions written in ROM by the firm or manufacturer of the chip.
• •Data stored in such chip is non-volatile

  Answer: Read-only memory
• •Data stored in these chips is either unchangeable or requires a special operation to change

  Answer: Read-only memory
• Fill in the missing terms:

  A) Dynamic RAM

  B) Synchronous DRAM

  C) Static RAM

  D) Mask

  E) User Programmable

  F) EPROM, EEPROM

  
• PROCESSOR STRUCTURE

  •The CPU is the backbone of the computer, often compared to the human brain.

  •It consists of the control unit and the arithmetic unit.
• PROCESSOR STRUCTURE

  Control Unit

  •Controls all operations of the computer

  •Retrieves instruction stored in main storage unit

  •Decodes retrieved instruction using the instruction decoder

  •Executes and transmits instructions to each unit.
• •*** Unit or officially the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

  •Performs calculations, comparison, branch and other processes.

  •ALU has functions performing fixed point operation, floating point operation and decimal.
• EXECUTING A PROGRAM

  Processor's four operating stages

  1. Fetch – a program's instructions and any needed data into the processor.
  2. Decode – determines the purpose of the instruction and passes it to the appropriate hardware element.
  3. Execute – carries out the instruction.
  4. Retire – takes the results of the execution stage and places them into other processor registers or the computer's main memory.
• Fill in the missing terms:

  A) NOT

  B) NOT

  
• Fill in the missing terms:

  A) AND

  B) AND

  
• Fill in the missing terms:

  A) OR

  B) OR

  
• Fill in the missing terms

  A) XOR

  B) XOR

  C) 0

  D) 1

  E) 1

  F) 0

  
• Fill in the missing terms:

  A) NAND

  B) NAND

  C) 1

  D) 1

  E) 1

  F) 0

  
• Fill in the missing terms:

  A) NOR

  B) NOR

  C) 1

  D) 0

  E) 0

  F) 0

  
• Fill in the missing terms:

  A) Main Storage Unit

  B) Auxiliary Storage

  
• Fill in the missing terms:

  A) Register

  B) Cache memory

  C) Main Storage Unit

  D) Disk Cache

  
• Fill in the terms:

  A) Kilobyte

  B) Megabyte

  C) Gigabyte

  D) Terabyte

  
• Fill in the terms:

  A) Magnetic Tape

  B) Magnetic Disk

  C) Magneto-optical Disk

  D) Optical Disk

  
• Fill in the missing terms

  :

  A) Magnetic Disk Unit

  
• Fill in the missing terms:

  A) Tracks

  
• Fill in the missing terms:

  A) Cylinders

  
• Fill in the missing terms:

  A) CD-ROM

  
• Fill in the missing terms:

  A) DVD

  B) DVD

  
• It is a generic term for organized collections of code representing instructions executed by a computer.

  Answer: Software
• 2 General Types of Software

  
  

  1. System Software
  2. Application Software
• System Software

  *It provides the basic non-task-specific functions of the computer.

  *It is responsible for controlling, integrating, and managing the individual hardware components of the computer system.

  *Kinds: Operating System Utility program
• Basic Functions of Operating System :

  
  

  ◦Memory Management

  ◦Resource Allocation and Sharing

  ◦Backing Store management

  ◦Interrupt handling

  ◦Allowing users communicate with the computer.
• UNIX – a networked computer system designed to allow users to share software and to have controlled access to other user’s files.  It was developed by Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, and Douglas Mcllroy.
• Macintosh OS (MacOS) – an operating system developed by Apple computer.
• MS-DOS (MicroSoft Disk Operating System) – an operating system commercialized by Microsoft Corporation.  It was initially called QDOS (Quick and Dirty Operating System) developed by Tim Paterson.
• *Microsoft Windows Operating System

  *Network OS (MS NOS)
• Linux Operating System – an open source operating system developed by Linus Torvalds.
• Application Software

  *It is used to accomplish specific user-oriented tasks.

  
  

  Categories of AS:

  *Bespoke – “tailor-made” to meet the requirements of a specific organization.

  *Off-the-shelf – can be purchased by anyone.

  *General Purpose – it does a variety of jobs.
• Categories of AS:

  *Integrated Packages/Software Suites – packages of common productivity tools that are bundled together.

  
  

  *Generic – can be used to perform a number of tasks, not necessarily for which the application was originally designed.

  
  

  *Specific – software that only has one/few application.
• Licensing Software

  *Proprietary Software

  *Shareware

  *Freeware