inferential testing

• What is the purpose of inferential statistics?

  • Generalizes results beyond the sample
  • Makes inferences about the target population
  • Assesses confidence in data supporting inferences
• What probability indicates significant results in inferential statistics?

  p is less than 0.05
• What do statistical tests help researchers determine?

  If results are significant
• What is the first step in deciding which statistical test to use?

  Identify if the study is a correlation or test of difference
• What is a correlation in research?

  A relationship between two covariables
• What type of data is used in independent groups design?

  Independent data
• What type of data is used in repeated measures design?

  Related data
• How is matched pairs design treated in terms of data?

  As related data
• What are the levels of measurement in statistics?

  • Nominal: categories with no order
  • Ordinal: categories with order
  • Interval: equal differences between data points
  • Ratio: same as interval data
• What is the mnemonic for remembering statistical tests?carrots should come mashed with swede under roasted potatoes
• What does the statistical test depend on?

  The dependent variable's level of measurement
• How do you determine which statistical test to use from a stem?

  Look for clues in the research scenario
• What is the significance of the calculated value in a statistical test?

  It determines if results are significant
• What is the common level of significance used in statistics?

  0.05
• What is a one-tailed test?

  A direct hypothesis test
• What is a two-tailed test?

  A non-directional hypothesis test
• How do you determine if the calculated value is significant?

  Compare it to the critical value
• What is the process for calculating the sign test?

  1. Subtract scores of condition B from A
  2. Record the sign (positive/negative)
  3. Count the number of differences (n)
  4. Identify the least frequent sign (s)
  5. Use n and s to determine significance
• What does 'n' represent in the sign test?

  The number of participants with differences
• What does 's' represent in the sign test?

  The least frequent sign
• How does increasing the sample size affect significance in the sign test?

  It can increase the number of non-participants
• What happens if the calculated value of s is greater than the critical value?

  The data is not significant
• What is the null hypothesis in the context of the sign test?

  The alternate hypothesis is rejected
• What is the significance of the calculated value in relation to the critical value?

  It determines the acceptance or rejection of hypotheses
• What is the main goal of the sign test?

  To determine if there is a significant difference
• What is the purpose of the critical value table?

  To determine significance of results
• What is the significance of the observed calculated value?

  It helps assess the hypothesis