roman

• Pinnacle Buttress – placed on top of a spur buttress to help by their weight drive the oblique thrusts more steeply down to earth
• Spur Buttress – used where large openings for doors and windows were needed.
• Niche / Hemicycle – which is the best of all buttresses for retaining earth.
• The various vaults used in Roman buildings were: 1. Wagon Vault or Semi-Circular or Barrel Vault 2. Cross Vault 3. Semi-dome 4. Hemispherical (Dome)
• VAULT - An arched structure of stone, brick, or reinforced concrete, forming a ceiling or roof over a hall room, or other wholly or partially enclosed space.
• ARCH - A curved structure for spanning an opening designed to support a vertical load primarily by axial compression
• The union of beam and arch is a keynote style in the early development of their architecture. The Romans adapted the columnar and trabeated method of the Greeks and further developed it with the use of concrete
• Opus Alexandrinum • A form of Opus Sectile having geometric pattern formed with few colors
• opus sectile Any mosaic of regularly cut material (cut work) produced geometrical patterns.
• Opus Spicatum Paving bricks in herringbone or chevron pattern
• Opus Tesselatum Squared tesserae of stone, marble or glass to form patterns
• Opus Mixtum - Concrete wall with both brick and reticulate facing
• Opus Testaceum - The walling was faced with bricks, triangular on plan and usually about 1 ½ inches thick
• Opus Incertum - wall facing done with irregular shaped pieces of stones • an ancient Roman construction technique using irregularly shaped and randomly placed uncut stones of loose pattern resembling polygonal walling
• Opus Quadratum is a rectangular blocks of stones-a type of ordinary stone walling
• Opus Reticulatum - Roman masonry wall faced with small pyramidal stones set diagonally with their square bases forming net-like pattern
• Opus(Latin); an artistic composition or pattern, especially as used in relation to Roman stonework and walling construction.
• COMPOSITE ORDER the prominent volutes of the Ionic with the acanthus of the Corinthian on it's capital and is thus the most decorative
• TUSCAN ORDER the simplified version of Doric Column/ Order
• Constantine the Great enacted many administrative, financial, social, and military reforms to strengthen the empire. The first Roman emperor to convert to Christianity, and he played an influential role in the proclamation of the Edict of Milan in 313, which declared religious tolerance for Christianity in the Roman Empire
• Diocletian separated and enlarged the empire's civil and military services and reorganized the empire's provincial divisions, establishing the largest and most bureaucratic government in the history of the empire.
• Caracalla presented in ancient sources as a tyrant and cruel leader, an image that has survived into modernity. His reign was marked by domestic instability and external invasions from the Germanic people.
• Septimius Severus apart from the triumphal arch in the Roman Forum carrying his full name, he also built the Septizodium in Rome and enriched greatly his native city of Leptis Magna.
• PAX ROMANA was the long period of relative peacefulness and (Roman Peace) minimal expansion by the Roman military force experienced by the Roman Empire after the end of the Final War of the Roman Republic and before the beginning of the Crisis of the Third Century
• Marcus Aurelius was the last of the so-called “Five Good Emperors” namely Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, and Antoninus Pius. His death in 180 AD is considered the end of the Pax Romana and the increasing instability in the west that followed has traditionally been seen as the beginning of the eventual Fall of the Western Roman Empire.
• Antoninus Pius was an effective administrator, leaving his successors a large surplus in the treasury, expanding free access to drinking water throughout the Empire, encouraging legal conformity, and facilitating the enfranchisement of freed slaves.
• Hadrian probably the greatest of all Roman Emperors and may be regarded as a Second Golden Age of Roman Empire and enabled an outburst of building activity in which Roman architecture achieved its height.
• Trajan best known for his extensive public building program, which reshaped the city of Rome and left numerous enduring landmarks such as Trajan's Forum, Trajan's Market and Trajan’s Column
• Domitian expanded the border defenses of the empire, and initiated a massive building program to restore the damaged city of Rome.
• Titus he is best known for completing the Colosseum and for his generosity in relieving the suffering caused by two disasters, the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in AD 79 and a fire in Rome in AD 80.
• Vespasian is an army commander restored order after the violent death of Nero and founded the Flavian dynasty. He began the building of the Flavian Amphitheatre, better known today as the Roman Colosseum
• Nero he believed that he initiated the Great fire of Rome
• Claudius took several steps to legitimize his rule against potential usurpers, most of them emphasizing his place within the Julio-Claudian family
• Caligula initiated the construction of two early aqueducts in Rome, the Aqua Claudia and the Anio Novus
• Tiberius the adopted son of Augustus, whose imperial institutions and imperial boundaries he sought to preserve.
• Augustus received the first title of “Imperator” or Emperor in 27 BC which was used as a surname by all Roman Emperors. – his long reign called as the Augustan Age was one of the great eras in the history of the world civilization.
• Caius Octavius great nephew of Julius Caesar who made Egypt as a Roman Province and became supreme in the Roman world and reorganized centralized government with the need to administer a world empire.
• Julius Caesar most famous military dictator who established Rome’s northern frontiers along Rhine and the English Channel
• POZZOLANA it is a siliceous material that reacts chemically with slaked lime in the presence of moisture to form slow-hardening cement
• In Rome the following materials were at hand. Travertine, a hard limestone from Tivoli ; Tufa, a volcanic substance of which the hills of Rome are mainly composed ; and Peperino, a stone of volcanic origin from Mount Albano. Besides these, Lava and Pozzolana, derived from volcanic eruptions, and excellent sand and gravel were plentiful.