Cell division

• Mitosis includes prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis, and results in two daughter cells with identical chromosome numbers.
• Interphase is the longest phase of the cell cycle and involves DNA replication during S phase.
• The cell cycle consists of interphase (G1, S, G2) and mitosis.
• Meiosis is the process by which gametes are produced from diploid cells through two successive nuclear divisions (meiosis I and II).
• The first meiotic division produces four genetically different haploid cells called secondary oocytes or spermatids.
• Secondary oocytes undergo another round of cell division to produce mature eggs, while spermatozoa develop into mature sperm.
• G1 phase is when the cell grows and prepares to divide.
• Cell growth occurs during interphase.
• S phase is when DNA synthesis occurs.
• G2 phase is when the cell completes its growth and prepares for mitosis.
• DNA synthesis takes place during S phase.
• Chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes during prophase.
• During meiosis, homologous pairs of chromosomes line up at the equatorial plate and exchange genetic material via crossing over.
• Each daughter cell receives one copy of each pair of homologous chromosomes, resulting in haploid cells.
• Cancer occurs when normal cells undergo uncontrolled growth due to mutations that disrupt regulatory mechanisms controlling cell division.
• During meiosis, homologous pairs of chromosomes line up at the equatorial plate and exchange genetic material through crossing over.
• Crossing over occurs between non-identical sister chromatids to produce new combinations of genes.
• In humans, there are 46 chromosomes present in somatic cells, consisting of 23 pairs of autosomal chromosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes.
• Crossing over occurs between non-identical sister chromatids, resulting in new combinations of genes on each chromosome.
• Homologous chromosomes separate randomly during meiosis, leading to genetic variation among offspring.
• Mitosis is the stage where chromosomes line up at the center of the cell and separate into daughter cells.
• Metaphase involves chromosomes lining up along the equatorial plane of the cell.
• Chromosomes condense and become visible during metaphase.
• Prophase involves chromatin condensing into visible chromosomes, nuclear envelope breaking down, centrioles moving apart, spindle fibers forming between them, and sister chromatids attaching to opposite poles by kinetochore microtubules.
• S phase is where DNA replication takes place.
• Mitosis involves chromosome duplication and separation.
• Mitosis is the stage where chromosomes line up at the equatorial plate and separate equally between daughter nuclei.
• Cytokinesis is the final step of mitosis where the cytoplasm divides to form two new cells.
• Mitosis consists of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis.
• Cytokinesis divides the cytoplasm and organelles equally between daughter cells.
• Mitotic spindle forms during prophase.
• Interphase is the longest part of the cell cycle and consists of G1, S, and G2 phases.
• Centrioles move apart and chromatids separate at anaphase.
• The nuclear envelope breaks down during prometaphase, allowing spindle fibers to attach to centrosomes.
• Meiosis results in four genetically different daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
• Spindle fibers pull sister chromatids apart during anaphase.
• Telophase involves the formation of two new nuclei from the separated chromosome sets.
• Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells from one parent cell.
• Meiosis produces four genetically different gametes with half the number of chromosomes compared to somatic cells.
• The process of meiosis involves two rounds of nuclear division (meiosis I and II) without any intervening periods of interphase.