WEEK 1 AND 2 MICROPARA

• Germ is derived from the Latin word germen, which means to sprout or germinate
• Microbe is an organism that can only be seen with a microscope.
• Bacteria are single-celled prokaryotic organisms that lack membrane-bound nuclei and other membranous organelles.
• Microbiology is the study of all living organisms that are too small to be visible with the naked eye
• Anton van Leeuwenhoek: Referred to as the “Father of Microbiology,” the“Father of Bacteriology,” and the “Father of Protozoology”
• As a hobby, Leeuwenhoek ground tiny glass lenses, which he mounted in small metal frames, thus

  creating what today are known as single-lens microscopes or simple microscopes
• A vaccine was developed to prevent rabies in dogs and effectively used to treat human rabies by Louis Pasteur
• During the 1860s Joseph Lister, an English surgeon, reasoned that surgical infection(sepsis) might be caused by microorganisms
• Sepsis: The condition resulting from the presence of pathogenic microbes or their products in blood or tissues
• Direct evidence demonstrating that bacteria were disease-causing agents (etiological agents) was provided by Robert Koch
• Koch identified Bacillus anthracis as the cause of anthrax in sheep and cattle
• Koch developed a series of experiments to prove a specific microbe caused an illness. These postulates, known as Koch's, contributed significantly to the germ theory of illness.
• Richard J. Petri: developed the Petri dish in which microbial cultures could be grown and manipulated.
• Fanny Hesse: developed the use of agar as a solidifying agent for microbiological media.
• Hans Christian Gram - developed the Gram stain, a stain technique that could be used to separate two major groups of disease causing bacteria
• In 1796, Edward Jenner reported the use of material scraped from the skin of an individual infected with cowpox to immunize a child against smallpox
• A German physician by the name of Paul Ehrlich searched for a “magic bullet”, and in around 1910 developed the first effective cure for a bacterial disease.
• A short time later (1928), Alexander Fleming, a Scottish physician, discovered penicillin.
• Koch discovered the bacterium(M. tuberculosis)that causes tuberculosis and the bacterium (Vibrio cholerae) that causes cholera.
• The two major categories of microbes are called acellular microbes (also called infectious particles)and cellular microbes (also called microorganisms).
• Eukaryotes - cells where genomes not contained within a nucleus. Include such microorganisms as fungi, protozoa, and simple algae. These cells are larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells.
• Acellular microbes - lacking cellular organization; not delimited by cytoplasmic membrane(viruses, viroids, virusoids, prions), CANNOT BE SEEN IN A LIGHT MICROSCOPE.
• Fungus: Eukaryotic microorganisms such as multicellular molds and unicellular (single-celled) yeasts are classified as fungi.
• Fungus: Candida albicans, for example, is a pathogenic yeast (disease causing). Molds are filamentous, branching fungus that reproduce through spores.
• Bacteria are prokaryotic organisms with no nucleus or nuclear membrane in their cells. It takes the form of rods (bacilli), spheres (cocci), or spirals (spirals) (spirilla or spirochetes)
• Protozoa are unicellular eukaryotic creatures. They can be classed according on how they move
• Malaria: Protozoa
• Algae refers to a wide range of plant-like creatures.
• Viruses are tiny amounts of genetic material (DNA or RNA) encased in a protein shell and, occasionally, a membranous envelope
• Bacteriophages: A special type of virus that infects primarily bacteria
• Bacteriology: Study of bacteria.
• Immunology: Study of the immune system. It looks at the relationships between pathogens such as bacteria and viruses and their hosts.
• Mycology: Study of fungi, such as yeasts and molds.
• Genetic Engineering: Engineered microorganisms are used to make hormones, antibiotics,vaccines and other products. New genes can be inserted into plants and animals.
• Biotechnology: Commercial applications include the synthesis of acetone, organic acids, enzymes, alcohols and many drugs
• Microorganisms that cause disease are called pathogens (sometimes called infectious agents).
• 1. Covid - 19 infection: virus
  2. Tuberculosis: bacteria
  3. Leptospirosis: bacteria
  4. Dandruff: fungi

  5. Red Tide infection: algae

  6. Genital Herpes: virus

  7. Measles Infection: virus

  8. Malaria: protozoa