4.1

Cards (99)

  • Systematic nomenclature can be used to name organic compounds
  • Alkanes provide the basis of the naming system
  • The stem of each name indicates how many carbon atoms are in the longest chain in one molecule of the compound
  • If there are any side-chains or functional groups present, the position of these groups is indicated by numbering the carbon atoms in the longest chain
  • The hydrocarbon side-chain is shown in brackets in the structural formula
  • The side-chain is named by adding ‘-yl’ to the normal alkane stem
  • Naming conventions for side chains:
  • If there are multiple of the same alkyl side-chain or functional groups, di- (for two), tri- (for three), or tetra- (for four) is added in front of its name
  • Adjacent numbers have a comma between them
  • Numbers are separated from words by a hyphen
  • If there is more than one type of alkyl side-chain, they are listed in alphabetic order
  • An aliphatic compound is straight or branched-chain and includes cyclic organic compounds that do not contain a benzene ring
  • Homologous series in organic chemistry:
  • A group of organic compounds that have the same functional group
  • Each successive member differs by CH2
  • Functional groups determine the physical and chemical properties of molecules
  • Organic compounds can be classified as aliphatic, alicyclic, or aromatic
  • Organic compounds can also be described as saturated or unsaturated
  • Saturated compounds contain single carbon-carbon bonds only
  • Unsaturated compounds contain at least one carbon-carbon bond that is not single, e.g. C=C or C≡C
  • Homologous series: group of organic compounds with the same functional group, differing by CH
  • Alkanes general formula: CnH2n+2
  • Alkenes general formula: CnH2n
  • General formulae can predict the chemical formula of any member of the same homologous series
  • Eicosane: alkane with 20 carbons, formula C20H42
    1. nonapentacontane: alkane with 59 carbons, formula C59H120
  • Oct-3-ene: alkene with 8 carbons, formula C8H16
  • Structural isomerism: compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae
  • Chain isomerism: caused by branching, e.g., pentane and 2,2-dimethylpropane
  • Positional isomerism: functional group in different positions, e.g., butan-1-ol and butan-2-ol
  • Functional group isomerism: different functional groups, e.g., butanol and ethoxyethane
  • Dibromopropane isomers: positional isomerism with two bromine atoms bonded to different carbon atoms
  • Curly arrows in reaction mechanisms show movement of electrons
  • Single-headed arrows: movement of one electron in homolytic fission or termination of radicals
  • Double-headed arrows: movement of a pair of electrons in fission to form positive and negative ions or when lone pair attacks a positive center
  • Curly arrows in addition reactions, substitution reactions, and elimination reactions
  • Alkanes are a homologous series made up of saturated hydrocarbons (containing only hydrogen and carbon) joined by sigma (σ) bonds
  • Alkanes are nonpolar molecules with no partial positive or negative charges
  • Alkanes do not react with polar reagents
  • Each carbon in alkanes forms four covalent bonds, resulting in a tetrahedral bonding arrangement with a bond angle of 109.5