reaction mechanisms

• alkane -> haloalkane:

  reagents- Br2 and UV light

  mechanism- radical substitution
• alkene -> alkane:

  reagents- H2

  conditions- Ni catalyst & 150C

  mechanism- electrophilic addition
• alkene -> dihaloalkane:

  reagents- Br2

  mechanism- electrophilic addition
• alkene -> haloalkane:

  reagents- HBr

  mechanism- electrophilic addition
• haloalkane -> amine:

  reagents- NH3+ and ethanol

  mechanism- nucleophilic substitution
• haloalkane -> nitrile:

  reagents- NaCN and ethanol

  mechanism- nucleophilic substitution
• alcohol -> haloalkane:

  reagents- NaOH & H2SO4

  mechanism- nucleophilic substitution
• haloalkane -> alcohol:

  reagents- NaOH

  mechanism- nucleophilic substitution
• alcohol -> ester:

  reagents- carboxylic acid, concentrated H2SO4

  mechanism- condensation
• secondary alcohol -> ketone:

  reagents & conditions- acidified potassium dichromate, heat under reflux

  mechanism- oxidation
• primary alcohol -> aldehyde:

  reagents & conditions- acidified potassium dichromate, heat and distill immediately

  mechanism- oxidation
• primary alcohol/aldehyde -> carboxylic acid:

  reagents & conditions- acidified potassium dichromate, heat under reflux

  mechanism- oxidation
• aldehyde -> hydroxynitrile:

  reagents- NaCN, H2SO4

  mechanism- nucleophilic addition
• nitrile -> amine:

  reagents & conditions- H2, Ni catalyst and 150C

  mechanism- reduction
• nitrile -> carboxylic acid:

  reagents- HCl and H2O

  mechanism- hydrolysis
• amine -> amide:

  reagents- acyl chloride

  mechanism- condensation
• amine -> ammonium salt:

  reagents- H+

  mechanism- protonation
• ammonium salt -> amine:

  reagents- OH-

  mechanism- deprotonation
• carboxylic acid -> acyl chloride:

  reagents- SOCl2
• carboxylic acid -> ester:

  reagents- alcohol, conc. H2SO4, heat under reflux

  mechanism- condensation
• acyl chloride/acid anhydride -> ester:

  reagents- alcohol or phenol

  mechanism- condensation
• acyl chloride -> amide:

  reagents: amine

  mechanism- condensation
• ester -> alcohol/carboxylic acid:

  reagents- H+

  mechanism- ester/polyester hydrolysis
• ester -> alcohol/carboxylate salt:

  reagents- OH-

  mechanism- ester/polyester hydrolysis
• amide -> ammonium salt/carboxylic acid:

  reagents- H+

  mechanism- amide/polyamide hydrolysis
• amide- amine/carboxylate salt:

  reagents- OH-

  mechanism- amide/polyamide hydrolysis
• benzene -> bromobenzene:

  reagents- Br2, FeBr3

  mechanism- electrophilic substitution
• benzene -> chlorobenzene:

  reagents- Cl2, AlCl3

  mechanism- electrophilic substitution
• benzene -> methylbenzene:

  reagents- CH3Cl

  mechanism- electrophilic substitution
• benzene -> benzene with H3C-C=O:

  reagents- CH3COCl+ AlCl3

  mechanism- electrophilic substitution
• benzene -> nitrobenzene:

  reagents- HNO3 & H2SO4 (<50C)

  mechanism- electrophilic substitution
• benzene -> trinitrobenzene:

  reagents- HNO3 & H2SO4 (>50C)

  mechanism- electrophilic substitution
• nitrobenzene -> phenylamine:

  reagents- Sn and HCl

  mechanism- reduction
• phenol -> nitrophenol:

  reagents & conditions- HNO3 and RTP

  mechanism- electrophilic substitution
• phenol -> tribromophenol:

  reagents- Br2(l) or Br2(aq)

  mechanism- electrophilic substitution
• phenol -> O-:

  reagent- OH-

  mechanism- deprotonation
• O- -> phenol:

  reagent- H+

  mechanism- protonation
• phenol -> ester:

  reagent- acyl chloride or acid anhydride

  mechanism- condensation