Regeneration

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5 economic sectors
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary
Quinery
Inequalities in pay are reflected by Inequalities in levels of education
Lower income are are deterred from universities due to debt burden so they are more likely to get lower paying jobs
Inequalities in pay reflected by Inequalities in health
Higher pay means people can afford private health care which means they can avoid long waiting lists so less risk of critical illness
How do places change overtime
Rural subsistence farming. Services evolve to support Rural commerce. Mid 1800s mechanisation and industrialisation develops towns into commercial centres. After ww2 immigrants moved to cities such as Bradford. Post War racism leads to spiral of decline in these areas. Deindustrialisation also led to deprivation in towns. In post industrial Britain places like Brixton have become cultural villages due to gentrification
5 reasons why places change
Physical factors
Accessibility and connectedness
Historical development
Local and national planning
Globalisation
How physical factors cause places to change
Location: proximity to large cities and core economic zones. Environment: places vary in attractiveness. Technology: lifts allowing high rise, and motor vehicles, facilitating urban sprawl and counter-urbanisation. Fibre optic cables and broadband are shifting traditional 'landscapes' and relationships.
How accessibility and connectedness cause places to change
Access to other places - by road (especially motorways), rail and air. Connections help competition for investment and visitors.
How historical development cause places to change
Historical buildings can be a physical asset for places seeking regeneration. Large areas of derelict buildings and the legacy of toxic waste from manufacturing can be a deterrent.
How has local and national planning caused places to change
National government policies on restructuring the UK economy, trying to equalise the benefits and reduce the negative externalities of changes. plan-led system with tight control over developments, zoning and segregating land uses began from 1948. Green belts introduced and new and expanded towns were developed to relieve population pressure from larger cities
How has globalisation caused places to change
Globalisation has caused a shift of industry from the west to the east. This caused deindustrialisation in towns such as Barnsley and Redcar leading to deprivation
7 domains used in index of multiple deprivation
Income Employment Education Health Crime Barriers to housing and services Living environment
Index of multiple deprivation
The Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) attempts to quantify deprivation in England. It uses seven data domains.
National influences shaped the characteristics of reading
transport spending in the South and South East has provided connections: the M4, Heathrow airport, the M40 and the M3.
Regional influences shaped the characteristics of reading
London's greenbelt has made Reading a nearby alternative where development is allowed. Migrants are attracted to Reading, being close to London and close to their UK entry point. Within the M4 corridor, it is the preferred location for hi-tech industry in the UK. Many people live in the area, but commute to London.
How had Regional influences changed the characteristics of Middlesbrough
Iron ore deposits, which were in part the origin of Middlesbrough's industrial growth, were exhausted decades ago. There are poor road connections to nearby cities such as Leeds and Newcastle, and very poor rail connections. It is close to the North York Moors National Park, but not close enough to benefit from tourism.
How had national influences changed the characteristics of Middlesbrough
It is located in a 'cut-off' corner of the North East, too far east of the A1 trunk road, and east coast mainline railway. Students, other young workers and migrants are affected by these images and perceptions: Young people may feel they want to leave a place with a poor image. People are attracted to places with positive images. There are likely to be more job opportunities in places with attractive images, because companies, like people, are attracted to them.
How had international influences changed the characteristics of reading
Close to the economic core of the EU, and within the EU single market. The EU is easily accessible by air, road (Channel Tunnel) and ferries.
How had global influences changed the characteristics of reading
Global brands like Verizon, Oracle, Microsoft, Cisco, Pepsico and Vodafone have all located in Reading International Business Park. Many globally known tourist sites (Windsor Castle, Ascot racecourse) are close by.
How had international influences changed the characteristics of Middlesbrough
Middlesbrough has received EU economic development funding as a 'Transition Region', but less than areas like Cornwall and Wales.
How has global influences changed the characteristics of Middlesbrough
The global shift of the manufacturing industry has led to factory closures and a loss of jobs. Global competition has made its steel and petrochemicals industries less profitable
How has Regional influences changed the characteristics of Barnsley
When mines closed in 1980s it caused high levels of unemployment and deprivation which led to cultural erosion and a loss of identity
How had global influences changed the characteristics of Barnsley
Increased migrants in Barnsley meaning more culture
How had national influences changed the characteristics of Barnsley
North South divide. Increased growth in the North has seen positive economic changes in Barnsley
What makes a region successful
High rates of employment
Low levels of deprivation
Inward migration
Lots of opportunities
Myrdal's model of cumulative causation
Shows how an introduction of a new industry can lead to a positive multiplier effect
Negative multiplier effect
Shows how a loss of an industry can lead to deprivation and decline within an area
3 priorities for regeneration
Sink estates Gated communities Commuter villages
Gated communities
An Estate with a lot of security to prevent others from entering Wealthy people live here and often have key cards to get into buildings
Commuter villages
Rural areas with very good access to urban areas Usually low deprivation and higher wealth Little need for regeneration
Sink estate
Housing estates with high levels of deprivation
Example of a sink estate
Grahame Park, North London
High deprivation of 77.4%
Low levels of education, 17.4% have a degree
Example of a gated community
High level of education, 39.7% have a degree
Low deprivation of 27.9%
Example of a declining rural area
Llansilin powys
Population under 700 and very few have broadband
Very few access to services
Example of a commuter village
Itchen Valley, Winchester
Located close to M3
Has railway services directly to London
How and why do priorities for regeneration vary
Lack of tourism so government forget about them Lower education Sink estates Commuter villages Gated communities
How does a closure of mining cause a spiral of decline
Closure of coal mines Loss of jobs unemployment Less disposable income Closure of local businesses People leave area Growth of crime Less education
How does inequalities in pay cause inequalities in life expectancy
Lower income lead to struggle leads to mental health issues may go to drugs lead to addiction then death Less healthcare investment
Why are there wide variations in levels of engagement in local communities
Length of residency Age Level of deprivation Gender Ethnicity- cultural differences
Why can regeneration lead to conflicts and redevelopment
Ruins green spaces Heritage removed High streets threatened due to globalisation Conflict matrix Creates more inequalities as poorer areas look poorer
Why is economic regeneration needed in some places more than others
Inequalities in different areas eg North South divide Loss of identity Level of development De industrialisation