LESSON 1

• Thales - thought matter is made up of water.
• Anaximenes - thought that air is a primal matter
• Heraclitus - thought that fire is the primal matter.
• Aristotle - matter is composed of four elements - fire, air, water, and earth.
• Democritus - proposed that matter is made up of very small bits which cannot be subdivided into smaller pieces.
• Leucippus - teacher of democritus.
• John Dalton - formulated the modern atomic theory of matter. Atoms can neither be destroyed nor created.
• Cell - Basic unit of life.
• Matter - anything that occupies space and has mass, composed of atoms and molecules.
• Molecule - two or more atoms.
• Atom - Building block of matter.
• “Atomos” - Greek word for atoms.
• Proton - Positive Charged, was discovered by Joseph John Thompson.
• Electron - Negatively Charged, was discovered by Eugene Goldsten, but later proved by Ernest Rutherford.
• Neutron - No charge, was discovered by an English physicist James Chadwick.
• Ionic Solids - form when electrostatic attraction sticks together anions (-) and cations (+)
• Metallic Solids - positively charged nuclei of metal atoms are held together by valence electrons to form metallic solids.
• Network Atomic Solids - are huge crystals consisting of atoms held together by covalent bonds.
• Atomic Solids - form when weak London dispersion forces bind atoms of cold noble gasses.
• Molecular Solids - are held together by intermolecular forces to form molecular solids.
• Amorphous Soilds - a type of solid that is characterized by having an irregular bonding pattern.
• Viscosity - is a measure of how well fluids flow.
• Solubility - is the ability of one substance to be dissolved in another.
• Macroscopic - example: pressure, volume, number of particles & temperature.
• Microscopic - example: Brownian Motion & Intermolecular Forces.
• Endothermic - heat is absorbed.
• Exothermic - heat is released.
• Solid to Liquid = Melting/Fusion
• Liquid to Gas = Evaporation
• Liquid to Solid = Freezing/Solidification
• Gas to Liquid = Condensation
• Solid to Gas = Sublimation
• 6 States of matter

  1. Solid
  2. Liquid
  3. Gas
  4. Plasma
  5. Bose Einstein Condensate
  6. Fermionic Condensate
• Organization of matter

  1. Quartz
  2. Atom
  3. Molecule
  4. Cell
  5. Tissue
  6. Organ
  7. Organ System
  8. Organism
  9. Population
  10. Community
  11. Biosphere/Ecosphere
• 4 Fundamental Elements

  1. Carbon
  2. Hydrogen
  3. Oxygen
  4. Nitrogen
• Atoms are composed of:

  1. Proton
  2. Electron
  3. Neutron
• DIATOMIC MOLECULE

  1. Hydrogen - Hydride (H2)
  2. Nitrogen - Nitride (N2)
  3. Oxygen - Oxide (O2)
  4. Fluorine - Fluoride (F2)
  5. Chlorine - Chloride (Cl2)
  6. Bromine - Bromide (Br2)
  7. Iodine - Iodide (I2)
  8. Carbon - Carbide (C2)