carbohydrates

• Carbohydrates are the most abundant organic molecule in nature
• Encountered in daily life in bread, rice, and cellulose in clothes
• Mainly come from plants
• Main functions:

  • Energy source
  • Energy storage (glycogen)
  • Structural element
• Classifications of carbohydrates:

  • Monosaccharides: Contains one sugar unit
  • Building blocks of carbohydrates
  • Examples: glucose, fructose, galactose, mannose
• Structures of carbohydrates:

  • Monosaccharides:
  • Contains a single polyhydroxy aldehyde or polyhydroxy ketone unit
  • Cannot be broken into simpler units by hydrolysis reactions
• • Enantiomers: non-superimposable mirror images
• Disaccharides:

  • Contains two sugar units
  • Examples: lactose, maltose, sucrose
• Oligosaccharides

  • three to ten sugar unit
  • raffinose, stachyose, and verbascose
• Polysaccharides:

  • Hundreds to millions of sugar units
  • Examples: starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin, pectin, gum, peptidoglycan
• • Sub-classifications of monosaccharides: Aldose (terminal chain carbonyl group), Ketose (carbonyl group at any position of the chain)
• Stereoisomerism:

  • Isomers with the same molecular and structural formulas but differ in the orientation of atoms in space
• Chirality:

  • Carbon attached to four different atoms/functional groups
  • Chirality - handedness of molecules
• dextrorotary is an OH in the right
• Levoratatory is an HO in the Left
• • Diastereomers: NOT mirror images
• • Epimers: diastereomers that differ at the configuration of only ONE chiral center
• CARBOHYDRATES contains Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen
• Fischer Projection is linear
• Haworth Projection is cyclic
• Monosaccharides are simple sugars (monomer)
• Bioinorganic substance do not contain carbon
• bioorganic substance contain carbon