RESEARCH IN DAILY LIFE 1

• Inquiry is a learning process that motivates obtaining knowledge or information about people, things, places, or events
• Research is a systematic process of collecting, organizing, analyzing, and interpreting data to find answers to people's queries
• The word "research" is derived from the old French word "cerchier" which means to seek or search
• Aims of research:

  • Verification of existing knowledge
  • Acquisition of new knowledge
  • Application of new knowledge
  • Advancement of researcher's expertise
• Characteristics of research:

  • Research is a realistic undertaking that must result in empirical data
  • Empirical data are derived from actual observations, interviews, analysis of first-hand documents, excavation of artifacts, and other actions that yield valid evidence
• Functions of research:

  • Corrects perceptions
  • Gathers information on subjects or phenomena we lack knowledge about
  • Develops and evaluates concepts, practices, and theories
  • Obtains knowledge for practical purposes like solving problems
• Approaches to research:

  • Scientific Approach (Quantitative)
  • Naturalistic Approach (Qualitative)
  • Triangulation Approach (Quantitative + Qualitative)
• Types of research based on application of research method:

  • Pure Research aims to increase knowledge about something
  • Applied Research aims to apply research to societal problems or issues
• Types of research based on purpose:

  • Descriptive Research defines or gives a verbal portrayal of a person, thing, event, group, situation, etc.
  • Correlational Research shows the relationship of two factors or agents called variables
  • Explanatory Research elaborates on the relationship of two factors and explains why such a relationship exists
  • Exploratory Research finds out how reasonable or possible it is to conduct a research study on a certain topic
• Types of research based on data needed:

  • Qualitative Research requires non-numerical data and uses words to express results about people's thoughts, beliefs, feelings, views, and lifestyles
  • Quantitative Research involves the measurement of data and presents findings in numerical forms
• Ethical principles of research:

  • Objectivity and Integrity
  • Respect for research subjects' privacy and dignity
  • Presentation of findings is a must
  • Misuse of research role
  • Acknowledgement of research collaboration
• Human rights in research:

  • Rights to voluntary participation
  • Right to informed consent
  • Right to be protected from harm
  • Right to confidentiality
  • Right to anonymity
• Scientific misconduct:

  • Fabrication and falsification of data
  • Non-publication of data
  • Faulty data gathering procedures
  • Plagiarism
• Qualitative vs. Quantitative research:

  • Quantitative research uses statistical data as the main source of knowledge
  • Qualitative research relies on narratives and stories from research participants
• Characteristics of qualitative research:

  • Naturalistic Inquiry
  • Inductive Analysis
  • Holistic Perspective
  • Qualitative Data
  • Personal Contact and Insight
  • Dynamic Systems
  • Unique Case Orientation
  • Context Sensitivity
  • Empathic Neutrality
  • Design Flexibility
• Types of qualitative research designs:

  • Phenomenology
  • Ethnography
  • Grounded Theory
  • Case Study
  • Action Research
• Phenomenology – It is an approach to philosophy and not specifically a method of inquiry.
• Ethnography – It is the direct description of a group, culture, or community.
• Grounded Theory – It is a development of theory directly based and grounded in the data collected by the researcher. It is discovering a new theory underlie to your study at the time of data collection and analysis.
• Case Study – It is used for a research approach with specific boundaries and can be both qualitative and quantitative.
• Action Research – Done to find ways on how to improve certain policies and develop a particular aspect of life.
• The following is an example of qualitative


  Dengue prevention practices of different places in the Philippines

  Stories behind the different artworks and different painters

  Behavioral traits of product patrons in the last 10 years
• The following is an example of quantitative


  Relationship between expenditures in advertisements and sales

  Statistical profiles of a population for the past 20 years

  Environmental factors affecting the amount of fish catch in kilograms
• Qualitative Data is


  In-depth understanding of underlying reasons and motivations

  – Non-statistical

  – Contextual

  – Thematic

  Not conclusive nor generalizable
• Quantitative Data is...

  – Quantification of data

  – Measurement of incidence, etc.

  – Broad based insights

  – Population based