GEN CHEM

• Atoms - The smallest unit of matter that cant be broken down chemically
• Molecules - these are groups of two or more atoms that are chemically bonded
• ions - these are particles that have gained or lost one or more valence electrons
• Mass:

  • Definition: The amount of matter in an object
  • Importance: Determines an object's inertia and gravitational pull
• Volume:

  • Definition: The amount of space occupied by an object
  • Importance: Helps determine density and physical properties
• Density:

  • Definition: The mass per unit volume of a substance
  • Importance: Determines whether an object floats or sinks in a fluid
• Energy:

  • Definition: The ability to do work or cause change
  • Importance: Essential for all processes and transformations in nature
• Mass: The amount of matter in an object, determines an object’s inertia and gravitational pull
• Volume: The amount of space occupied by an object, helps determine density and physical properties
• Density: The mass per unit volume of a substance, determines whether an object floats or sinks in a fluid
• Energy: The ability to do work or cause change, essential for all processes and transformations in nature
• States of matter

  Solid

  liquid

  gas

  plasma
• What are the properties of matter?

  Physical properties

  chemical properties
• Properties of Physical properties

  intensive properties

  extensive properties
• Matter - anything that has mass and takes up space.
• Physical change- does not lead to the creation of new substance
• chemical change- new product is created
• Types of mixtures

  Homogenous

  Heterogenous
• classification of matter

  Pure substance and mixture
• Physical properties - can be measured and observed without changing the composition of the substance
• Chemical properties - the ability of a substance to react with other substances such as air, water, and base
• Physical properties according to changed involved during measurements of the property

  Physical properties

  Chemical properties
• Physical properties according to dependence on amount of matter

  Intensive properties

  Extensive properties
• intensive properties

  does not depend on the size or amount of the sample
• extensive properties

  can be affected by the size and amount of samples
• Intensive physical properties

  color

  solubility

  luster

  temperature

  melting point

  conductivity

  viscosity

  density

  malleability

  boiling point

  odor
• Extensive properties

  mass

  volume

  length
• Chemical properties:

  Combustibility

  stability

  reactivity

  relative activity

  ionization

  toxicity
• combustibility - whether the substance undergoes combustion or not
• stability - whether the substance can be easily decomposed or not
• reactivity - whether it reacts with acids, bases, oxygen and gas or not
• ionization - whether it will break into charged particles when in solution with water or not
• toxicity - whether substance can damage substance or not
• examples of chemical change

  combustion

  rotting

  Rusting

  digestion
• examples of physical change

  melting

  shredding

  boiling

  chopping
• pure substance - definite composition, and distinct properties
• elements - simpliest form of matter, can't be broken down into simpler substances
• compounds- consists of 2 or more elements
• mixture - combination of 2 or more subtances that are not chemically bonded together and can be separated physically
• homogenous mixture - difficult to distinguish, uniform composition