Dry Lab 1

• IUPAC - International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
• . Names produced by IUPAC rules are called systematic names
• Parent name - indicates the number of carbons in the longest continuous carbon chain in the molecule.
• Suffix - this indicates what primary functional group is present.
• Locant gives the location of the primary functional group.
• Prefix - reveals the identity, location, and number of substituents attached to the carbon chain. The prefix also indicates the configuration of the compound being named.
• Functional group refers to an atom or a group of atoms with characteristic chemical and physical properties for reactivity.
• Functional groups often have atoms other than carbon or hydrogen (heteroatoms) or double bonds (π bonds) that make them distinctive. These features define one type of organic molecule from another.
• These structural features can be a heteroatom – atoms other than carbon or hydrogen – or π bonds which distinguish one organic molecule from another.
• Hydrocarbons: These are simple organic molecules made up of only carbon and hydrogen atoms.
• Compounds with a C – Z σ Bond (Z = Electronegative Element):

  • This type includes molecules where carbon is bonded to another element (Z) through a single bond (σ bond). Z is usually an electronegative element, meaning it has a tendency to attract electrons. Examples are CH₃Cl (methyl chloride) where C is bonded to Cl.
• Compounds with a C – Z σ Bond (Z = Electronegative Element):

  • This type includes molecules where carbon is bonded to another element (Z) through a single bond (σ bond). Z is usually an electronegative element, meaning it has a tendency to attract electrons.
• Compounds Containing a C=O Group:These are molecules that have a carbon double-bonded to an oxygen atom, known as a C=O group.
• Hydrocarbons are compounds made up of only the elements carbon and hydrogen. They may be aliphatic (straight-chain) or aromatic.
• Aliphatic Hydrocarbons: These can be either straight-chain (like a simple chain) or branched-chain hydrocarbons. They include alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes.
• Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Named for their characteristic odors, but not all of them have a strong smell. Aromatic hydrocarbons often contain a special ring structure called a benzene ring.
• Alkanes:

  • Structure: Consist of carbon-carbon (C–C) single bonds.
  • Example: Methane (CH₄).
  • No additional functional groups, just straight single bonds.
• Alkenes:

  • Structure: Contain a carbon-carbon (C–C) double bond.
  • Example: Ethene (C₂H₄).
  • The double bond is the functional group, making them more reactive than alkanes.
• Alkynes:

  • Structure: Have a carbon-carbon (C–C) triple bond.
  • Example: Ethyne (C₂H₂).
  • The triple bond is the functional group, and alkynes are even more reactive than alkenes.
• Aromatic hydrocarbons are known for their stability and often have a distinctive ring structure called a benzene ring.
• Alkanes are relatively inert (less reactive), while alkenes and alkynes are more reactive due to their double and triple bonds.
• Aromatic compounds, like benzene, are stable and exhibit unique reactivity patterns.
• Hydrocarbons are prevalent in fuels, plastics, and various organic compounds that form the basis of living organisms.
• These are smaller groups derived from straight-chain alkanes by removing one hydrogen atom. They are named by changing the -ane ending to -yl.
• Branched-Chain Alkanes:

  • These are alkanes where the carbon chain has branches or substitutions. They are named with a prefix for the substituent, followed by the parent alkane name, and ending with -ane.
• straight-chain alkanes have a continuous chain, alkyl groups are derived from alkanes by removing one hydrogen, and branched-chain alkanes have branches or substitutions on the carbon chain.