reproduction unit

• The male reproductive system is located in the pelvis region in humans
• The testis are situated outside the male abdomen cavity within a pouch called scrotum which maintain the temperature of testis 2-2.5°c lower than the normal body temperature necessary for the process called spermatogenesis
• Each testis has about 250 compartments called testicular lobules . each compartment contains 1-3 highly coiled seminiferous tubules in which sperms are produced
• In testis each seminiferous is lined on its inside by two types of cells called male germ cell (spermatogonia) and sertoli cells
• In testis sertoli cells provide nutrition to the germ cells
• The region outside the seminiferous tubules called interstitial spaces contains small blood vessels and are known as leydig cells
• The male sex accessories ducts include rete testes, Vasa efferentia, epidydimis and Vas deferens
• Rete testes collect sperm from the seminiferous tubule and pass it into vasa efferentia
• the Vasa efferentia leave the testis and open into epidydimis located along the posterior surface of each testis
• In male the urethra originate from the urinary bladder and extends through the penis to its external opening called urethral meat
• The enlarged end of penis is called glans penis which is covered by a loose fold of skin called foreskin
• The male ccessory gland include paired seminal vesicle paired bulbourethral and prostate gland
• The secretion of male accessory gland constitutes seminal plasma which is rich in Fructose calcium and certain enzymes.

  the secretion of bulborethral glands also help in lubrication of penis
• In female each ovary is about 2-4 CM in length and is connected to the pelvic wall and uterus by ligaments
• In each ovary ovarian stroma is divided into two zones peripheral cortex and inner medulla
• Each fallopian tube is about 10 to 12 cm long it has three parts funnel shaped infundibulum , wider part ampulla and last part isthmus
• The shape of the uterus is like inverted pear
• The cavity of cervix is called cervical Canal which along with vagina forms birth canal
• The three layer of tissue in wall of uterus are perimetrium myometrium and endometrium
• Mon pubis is a part of female external genetalia which is cushion of fatty tissues covered by skin and pubic hair
• Labia minora is a part of female external genitalia which are paired folds of tissues under the labia Majora
• labia majora is a part of female ectre genitalia which are fleshy folds of tissue which extend down from mons pubis and surrounding vaginal opening
• The opening of vagina is often covered partially by a membrane called hymen
• Clitoris is a tiny finger like structure which lies at the upper junction of two labia minora above urethral opening
• The glandular tissue of each breast is divided into 15 to 20 mammary lobes containing clusters of cells called alveloli which secrete milk and store in its cavities
• In mammry glands , mammary tubules of each mammary lobes join to form mammary duct which further joints to form wider mammary anpulla which is connected to Lacticferous duct through which milk is sucked out
• The process of spermatogenesis begins at puberty due to significant increase and GnRH hormone
• This spermatogonia is diploid cell containing 46 chromosome
• During spermatogenesis the secondary is spermatocytes undergo second meotic division to produce 4 equal haploid spermatid which are transformed into spermatozoa by the process called spermiogenesis
• The process in which sperms are finally released from seminiferous tubules is known as spermiation
• In males, LH acts on leydig cells and stimulate synthesis and secretion of androgen whereas FSH acts on sertoli cells and stimulates secretion of factor which help in process of spermiogenesis
• colostrum :

  milk which comes after delivery for first few days

  • Ig A
  • yellowish - carotenoids
  • water , lactose and low fat
  • low vitamin C + iron
• hormones :

  1. prolactin = formation of milk
  2. oxytocin = ejection of milk
• • mammary glands are modified sweat glands
  • they exocrine
  • 15 -20 lobes
  • alveoli for formation and storage of milk storage
• water break :

  initial myometrial contractions lead to bursting of amnion because of which water comes out
• child birth :

  vigorous myometrial contraction leads to child birth

  • after birth: umbilical cord + placenta comes out
• gestation period :

  • from fertilization till child birth
  • humans - 38 weeks/ 266 days / 9 months
  • dog - 60 days
  • cat - 30 days
  • cow - 277 days
• • end of 1st month = heart is formed
  • heart beat can be heard using stethoscope
• end of 2nd month = limbs and digits are formed
• end of 3rd month = all major organs of body formed