Spring 2024 ABD Normal Urinary System

• in what week of life does the urinary system begin to form?

  3rd week
• at what week of life and age, do the fetal kidneys migrate from pelvis to standard anatomic position?

  9th week

  6 years old
• in adults, where are the kidneys located?

  retroperitoneum
• which kidney is situated more inferior?

  right kidney
• size of kidney

  9-12 cm x 5-7 cm x 2.5 cm
• kidneys are paired, bean shaped organs
• if more than 2 cm difference between contralateral organ, than pathology should be suspected
• label the following:

  A) renal cortex

  B) renal medulla

  C) column

  D) sinus fat

  E) medullary pyramid

  
• from superficial to deep, name the layers of the kidney

  paranephric fat

  renal fascia (Gerota’s fascia)

  perinephric fat

  renal capsule

  renal cortex
• label

  A) paranephric fat

  B) renal fascia aka gerota's fascia

  C) perinephric fat

  
• what vessels exit the renal hilum and in what position?

  The renal vein exits anteriorly

  The renal artery enterers between the vein and the ureter

  The ureter exits posteriorly
• main renal artery

  1st major lateral branches of the aorta

  Located just inferior to the SMA

  Course posterior the main renal veins

  Right MRA courses posterior to the IVC

  Enters the kidney through the renal hilum

  Branches into segmental arteries
• arterial supply of the kidney from inner to outer

  :}

  A) main renal artery

  B) segmenal

  C) interlobar

  D) arcuate

  E) interlobar

  
• Left MRV courses between the SMA and aorta
• MRVs course anterior to the MRAs
• what are the functional units of the kidney called?

  nephron
• what are the 2 main functions of the nephron?

  1. filter blood
  2. produce urine
• where are the nephrons located?

  renal cortex
• what are the 2 main structures of the nephron?

  1. glomerular capsule (located in renal cortex)
  2. renal tubules (located in renal medulla/pyramids)
• renal pyramid bases are directed toward the outer circumference of the kidney
• renal pyramids vary from 8-18 in number
• renal pelvis collects urine and transports it to the urinary bladder
• 2-3 minor calyces unite to form a major calyx
• for which structure of the kidney do the apices converge toward the renal sinus at the renal papilla and project into the minor calyces?

  renal pyramids
• the renal pelvis narrows as it exits though the renal hilum to form the proximal ureter
• ureter is a bilateral 25 cm tubular structure that carries urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder
• the ureter enters the UB posteriorly and laterally through the ureteral orifice creating the ureterovesical junction (UVJ)
• what 3 locations do the ureters contract?

  • ureteropelvic junction (UPJ)
  • as it crosses the pelvic brim
  • ureterovesical junction (UVJ)
• what's the large muscular structure that collects urine?

  bladder
• the UB is lined with a highly elastic transitional epithelium
• what are the 2 posterior lateral openings for ureters to enter?

  ureterovesical junction (UVJ)• which are controlled by ureteral orifices
• 1 anterior opening for the urethrawhich is controlled by the internal and external urethral sphincters
• Urine collects in the UB until it contracts, expelling urine through the urethra
• urine builds up in the bladder until the pressure triggers the nervous receptors in the organ, signaling the relaxation of the urethral sphincters (both internal and external)
• urethra is the membranous tube that passes from the anterior aspect ofthe UB and courses to the ureteral opening
• what's the length of urethra for males?

  8 cm
• what's the length of urethra for females?

  4 cm
• kidneys remove wastes from the circulatory system
• every minute 25% of the total blood volume is filtered by the kidneys
• 99% of filtered the total blood volume is returned to circulation and less than 1% is eliminated as urine