W2 Cell Patho

• Hydropic swelling:

  • Failure of sodium potassium pump causes sodium to stay in cell and water to follow sodium
  • Type of reversible cell injury
• Cellular accumulation:

  • Too much stuff in a cell
  • Type of reversible cellular injury
• Necrosis:

  • Cellular homicide that occurs due to irreversible cell injury
• Apoptosis:

  • Cellular suicide that occurs due to irreversible cell injury
• Atrophy:

  • Form of cell adaptation during which cell shrinks due to not getting enough nutrients or diseases
• Hypertrophy:

  • Form of cell adaptation that is an increase in size due to stress
  • Examples: exercise or organ growth to compensate for equivalent organ dysfunction
• Hyperplasia:

  • Cell adaptation that is an increase in the number of cells
• Metaplasia:

  • Cell adaptation that is the conversion of one cell type to another cell type without a change in amount or size to compensate for stress
• Dysplasia:

  • Cell adaptation that is a disorganized increase in the number of cells
• Gangrene:

  • An area of tissue that has experienced widespread necrosis
• Stagnant or Ischemic Hypoxia:

  • Inability to provide the required oxygen to cells due to inadequate blood flow
  • Can be seen in shock states or heart failure
• Anemic Hypoxia:

  • Decreased oxygen-carrying capacity of blood due to a reduction in red blood cells
  • Results in failure to provide enough oxygen to cells
• Hypoxemic Hypoxia:

  • Decreased oxygen partial pressure causes oxygen to not be able to enter the blood solution, leading to organs not receiving adequate oxygen
• Histotoxic Hypoxia:

  • Inability of the cell to use the oxygen being delivered to it
  • No issue with circulation or oxygen supply
• Myogenic theory:

  • Theory that smooth muscle requires oxygen to stay contracted
  • Oxygen concentration regulates the contraction of precapillary sphincters
• Metabolic theory:

  • Theory that an increase in metabolic rate or decrease in nutrient/oxygen availability causes an increase in the release of vasodilator substances like lactic acid, creating systemic vasodilation
• Polycythemia:

  • Result of chronic hypoxia due to the liver's compensatory mechanism to hypoxia being stimulated and creating additional EPO
• Clubbing:

  • Change in fingertip shape due to the development of additional collateral circulation to compensate for hypoxia
• Cerebral Edema:

  • Result of hypoxia causing an increase in the permeability of cerebral capillaries
• Right-sided heart failure:

  • Potential result of hypoxia due to peripheral vasoconstriction increasing afterload
• Renal Failure:

  • Hypoxia could lead to this in the kidneys due to the kidneys' reliance on active transport to filter solutes out of the solution
• Dicrotic notch:

  • Pleth wave point indicating aortic valve closure
• Ischemia:

  • Reduced blood flow to a certain region of tissue
• Reperfusion injury:

  • Occurs due to the accumulation of Ca overload and the release of cytochrome c in the cell that signals apoptosis
• Free radicals:

  • Electron-hungry atoms that can overwhelm natural defense mechanisms and cause oxidative injuries to cells, especially to the cell membrane and in reperfusion injuries
• Antioxidants:

  • Molecules that donate electrons to neutralize free radicals
• Grey Matter:

  • Unmyelinated brain matter that is mostly cell bodies and dendrites that use slow continuous propagation
• White matter:

  • Myelinated brain matter that is mostly axons
• Nuclei:

  • Clusters of neuron cell bodies in the brain and spinal cord
• Schwann Cells:

  • Cells that myelinate PNS nerves
• Neurolemma:

  • Nucleus and cytoplasm of Schwann cells
• Astrocytes:

  • Neuroglia that cling to neurons and provide structural support as well as form the blood-brain barrier
• Microglia:

  • Phagocytic white blood cell derivatives that ingest and digest things that shouldn’t be in the brain like pathogens
• Ependymal cells:

  • Cells that line the ventricles and spinal canal to create CSF by filtering blood
• Oligodendrocytes:

  • Cells that form myelin around CNS cells
• Satellite Cells:

  • Flat cells that surround neuron cell bodies for the protection of PNS
• Sodium Potassium Pump:

  • Mechanism that works to restore resting membrane potential
• Nicotinic receptors:

  • Skeletal cholinergic receptors that are usually excitatory
• Muscarinic:

  • Cholinergic receptors that are excitatory or inhibitory on all target organs of PSNS
• Hypernatremia:

  • Causes a rise in resting membrane potential, bringing it closer to the threshold, making it easier to start an action potential
  • Symptoms: high and fast, muscle twitching, dysrhythmias