Allostasis: The ability to adapt to challenges based on context or circumstance dependent set points
Adrenal cortex: Organ region involved in GAS that releases glucocorticoids like cortisol
Adrenal medulla: Organ region involved in GAS that releases catecholamines like epinephrine and norepinephrine
Atrophy of thymus gland: Chronic stress can cause this which leads to immune system suppression
Alarm: First stage of GAS when person perceives stress and hypothalamus release corticotropin stimulating hormone to stimulate adrenal medulla and anterior pituitary
Resistance: Second stage of GAS during which there is a reduction in alarm reaction because the body uses allostasis to change bodies homeostasis. This stage also has fewer overt S/S but body is still in hypermetabolic state
Resistance: Atrophy of thymus gland occurs during this stage and causes immune depression
Resistance: The stage that includes B and T lymphocyte reduction and increase in neutrophils
Exhaustion: Stage of GAS when body can no longer compensate for stress and reach new homeostasis
Adaptation: Combination of neurological, endocrine, immunologic mechanisms to respond to stress
Epinephrine: Produces positive chronotropy and inotropy as part of SNS stimulation
Glycogenolysis: Response to stress that is stimulated by epinephrine and increases blood glucose
RAAS: SNS produces increase in blood pressure using this mechanism
Norepinephrine: Constricts smooth muscle to create peripheral vasoconstriction in SNS response
Reticular formation: Brain region that is the connection between brainstem and diencephalon
Thalamus: Brain region that directs sensory information and is involved in memory
Limbic system: Brain system that is involved in feeling emotions and releasing endorphins
Endorphins: Chemical released by laughter and happiness that reduces pain perception
Hypothalamus: Brain region that receives traumatic stimuli and emotional stimulation, stimulates anterior and posterior pituitary as well as ANS
ACTH: Stimulates adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids like cortisol
Steroids: Best anti-inflammatory, some available OTC
Aldosterone: Increases sodium retention and potassium excretion
TSH: Increases conversion of T4 into usable T3
Cytokines: Proinflammatory peptide factors released in response to stress that enhance pain
Prostaglandins: Product of lipids on phospholipid cell membrane that act as local hormones and are released by almost all cells
Inflammation: Sequence of vascular and cellular responses to injury characterized by movement of neutrophils into interstitial fluid
Calor: Heat of body related to inflammation
Dolor: Word for pain related to inflammation
Tumor: Swelling related to inflammation caused by increased capillary permeability
Rubor: Redness associated with inflammation
Arachidonic Acid: Inflammatory mediator created from omega 6 acids from phospholipids
Cyclooxygenase: First pathway that arachidonic acid can follow (COX)
Lox: Second pathway that arachidonic acid can follow
COX 1: Arachidonic acid pathway responsible for thromboxane to promote platelet aggregation, mucosal maintenance, and increased renal perfusion
COX 1: Arachidonic acid pathway responsible for gastric protection and platelet function
Thromboxane: Pro-coagulation product of COX 1 pathway that is also vasoconstrictive
ASA: Drug that inhibits thromboxane in low doses
COX 2: Arachidonic acid pathway induced in infections to produce fever and pain
COX 2: Pathway that creates prostacyclin and prostaglandins to promote blood cycling
Prostacyclin: Product of COX 2 pathway that promotes blood flow through endothelium by inhibiting platelet aggregation and promoting vasodilation