chapter 27

• what two things contributed to the desire for the US to expand overseas?

  • farmers and factory workers look for new markets
  • country bursting due to growth in population, wealth, and productive capacity, trembling from blows of labor violence and agrarian unrest
  • (sense of adventure to sell religion as missionaries to those they deemed "backwards")
• what is yellow journalism and how did it encourage overseas expansion?

  joseph pulitzer + william hearst describe foreign exploits as manly adventures, sensationalist
• how did theodore roosevelt and henry cabot lodge apply the idea of darwinism to expansion?

  the earth belonged to the strong and fit: uncle sam
• what was the big sister policy?

  • pushed by james g. blaine, aimed at rallying latin american nations behind uncle sam's leadership and opening latin american markets to yankee traders
  • became LA big sister and have a relationship where they turn to US for help (ally relationship) and they will learn to rely on US
• what led to the conflict between the united states and britain in 1895 - 1896?

  • america's new belligerence and old time anti-british feeling
  • jungle boundary between british guiana and venezuela in dispute
  • discovery of GOLD in contested area
• how did the outcome of the US british conflict become the cornerstone of both nations' foreign policy at the beginning of the 20th century?

  • no mood for war bc challenged by germany and south africa
  • london consented to arbitration, determined to cultivate yankee friendship
  • great rapprochement/reconciliation between US and britain
• what led the US to take an interest in hawaii?

  • waystation
  • provisioning point for yankee shippers, sailors, and whalers
  • good military
  • sugarcane production
• What does "the hawaiian pear is now fully ripe" mean?

  • missionaries came to hawaii, used it for their needs, made it important
  • center for sugar production, basically harvested islands when annexed
  • replaced hawaiians with whites and asian immigrants
• why did president cleveland fail to follow through with the annexation of hawaii?

  • suspected that america wronged queen liliuokalani and her people
  • investigated and determined that majority of hawaiian natives opposed annexation
  • democrats not in favor of expansion
  • withdrew from the treaty president harrison created
• who was general valeriano weyler?

  • sent to stop revolt
  • also known as "the butcher"
  • spanish general who undertook crushing the rebellion by herding civilians into deadly barbed wire reconcentration camps
• how did yellow journalism, hearst, and pulitzer play a role in fueling an american war in cuba with spain?

  • rushed to invent and report atrocities
  • loved the cuban revolution
  • depicted spanish officials negatively
  • hearst published private letter from spanish minister who insulted president
• what was the de lome letter?

  • written by spanish minister dupuy de lome
  • stolen and published by hearst
  • letter insults mckinley, forced de lome's resignation
  • exaggerated how bad it was with yellow journalism
• what happened with the USS maine?

  • washington sent it to the coast of havana, cuba for a "friendly visit"
  • real reason was to protect and evacuate americans in case of a flare up, and to demonstrate washington's concern
  • spanish said it accidentally blew up, but americans didn't believe them
  • killed hundreds of americans
  • "remember the maine, to hell with spain"
  • actually blew up due to spontaneous combustion
• Jingoism - extreme patriotism, especially in form of aggressive/warlike foreign policy (ready to go to war for country)
• teller amendment (1898) - stated that the US would not take any cuban territory at the end of the spanish-american

  • would give cuba freedom when US defeats spain-mckinley's war campaign
• george dewey and his role in the philippines - commodore who commanded american squad @ hong kong to descend upon spain's philippines in event of war

  • crushed spanish fleet and 400 spaniards killed
• Who were rough riders?

  • part of invading army, regiment of volunteers
  • organized by teddy roosevelt and headed by col leonard and lt col roosevelt
  • largely western cowboys and ex-polo players and ex-convicts
  • organized by roosevelt
• how did the rough riders impact the spanish-american war?

  • el caney and kettle hill
  • closed in on santiago and badly outgunned spaniards who later surrendered
  • old san juan hill, help secure carribean island
  • ssisted american forces in forming a constricting ring around the city of santiago de cuba
• what were the arguments FOR annexation of phillippines?

  • can't honorably give islands back to spanish
  • turning back on responsibilities is cowardly
  • filipinos might fall into anarchy if self governed
  • gives naval base in pacific
  • new markets
  • ends spanish empire
  • extends christianity/church
  • republican side, including mckinley and roosevelt
• what were the arguments AGAINST annexation of philippines?

  • violate consent of governed
  • imperialism high cost low profit
  • propel US into political and military cauldron of east asia
  • $20 million to spain
  • "vulgar empire"
  • revolutionary war fought against colonization
  • democracy can't be an empire, will corrupt
  • cost many soldiers + filipino lives
  • violent treatment of filipinos
  • STDS spread through military
  • carnegie against: american blood should not be mixed with non-american
  • democrat side, like cleveland
• what role did the anti imperialist league play in the conflict over the annexation of the philippines?

  • raised many objections against annexation and the building of an american empire
  • fought expansionist moves of mckinley
  • idealism, self interest, racism, constitutionalism, and other motivators
  • failed to make their case as philippines annexed in 1900
• what decision was made in regards to the philippines?

  • annexation
  • president mckinley paid spain $20 million
  • 1900
• what was the foraker act of 1900?

  • accorded puerto ricans a limited degree of popular government
  • US citizenship withheld until self rule
• did the US honor the teller amendment in cuba?

  • withdrew from cuba in 1902 but forced cubans to write their own constitution under america's control
  • after spain left US controlled cuba for 3 years and created platt amendment
• what was the platt amendment?

  • cuban constitution that put them under america's control
  • naval base (guantanamo bay..)
  • US troops to cuba
  • owns cuba's debt, gives us control over their finances
• what were the 4 parts of the platt amendment?

  1. don't conclude treaties that might compromise independence2. don't take debt beyond their resources3. US may intervene w/ troops to restore order4. sell/lease needing coaling or naval stations
• what was the filipino rebellion?

  • after its defeat in the spanish-american war, spain ceded the Philippines to the US
  • the ensuing philippine-american war lasted three years and resulted in the death of over 4,200 american and over 20,000 Filipino combatants. As many as 200,000 Filipino civilians died from violence, famine, and disease-resistance ended with aguinaldo's capture and the philippines would remain under US control until 1946
  • filipinos led by emilio aguinaldo sought independence
• why did the secretary of state john hay call it "a splendid little war"?

  • was short (113 days)
  • reffering to the spanish American war
• how did the filipinos react to the annexation of the philippines (philippine insurrection)?

  • assumed they'd be granted freedom
  • exclusion from peace negotiations -> bitterness
• sphere of influence - a country/area in where another country can affect development without formal authority
• what did americans do to chinese as an example of sphere of influence?

  • US pushed to open china bc many european countries and russia held economic power in china
  • so unstable they were forced to become communist
  • chinese were hooked on opiods
• secretary of state john hay is given credit for the open door note. what was the importance of this communication?

  • great powers
  • urged them to announce in leaseholds or spheres of influence
  • they'd respect chinese rights
  • foreign policy directed at china
  • stated spheres of influence would be dropped and chinese cities should be open all nations for business/trade
  • europe wasn't interested
• how was the boxer rebellion reflective of the chinese responses to western interference?

  • didn't want to be doorman to western powers
  • murdered 2000+ foreigners controlling cities and thousands of chinese
• what issues faced the candidates in the election of 1900?

  • republican overseas imperialism
  • mckinley reestablishes slavery for 7 million filipinos
  • democrats chose william J. bryan on a platform of free silver
  •  republicans professed that free silver would end U.S. prosperity
  • mckinley won the election with an overwhelming victory in the urban areas
• what does "speak softly and carry a big stick"?

  • don't get hot headed or incide anger
  • military strength and power -> work will among foreign nations
  • not always aggressive unless they need to be
• what happened to mckinley?

  mckinley was assassinated in september 1901 and was replaced by teddy roosevelt
• what was the clayton-bulwer treaty?

  • US can't get exclusive control over isthmian route
  • treaty with great britain so neither try to gain rights of canal
• what was hay-pauncefote treaty?

  • great britain recognized US sphere of influence over panama canal zone provided the canal remain neutral
  • gave us free hand to build isthmian canal, conceded right to fortify it, manage it
• what was the hay-bunau-varilla treaty?

  • panama govt signed this treaty with US
  • leases canal to US for $10 million
  • price of canal same
  • zone widened 6-10 miles
  • US treasury give $40 million to france
  • gain panama canal
• what role did colombia play in the US securing the panama canal route?

  • against initial US deal with panama
  • gathered to try and crush panamanian uprising
  • didn't want to lose canal but had a treaty of 1846
  • had to release part of canal zone for US to secure panama canal route