treating depression

• What psychological treatment for depression was developed by Beck?

  CBT (Cognitive Behavioral Therapy)
• What is the aim of CBT?

  To challenge the negative triad of the client
• What are the initial steps in CBT for a client?

  1. Client assessed for severity of condition
  2. Therapist establishes a baseline for monitoring improvement
• What information does the client provide in CBT?

  How they perceive themselves, the future, and the world
• What technique does the therapist use to challenge beliefs in CBT?

  Reality testing
• How might a therapist challenge a client's belief of always failing?

  By asking if they have ever succeeded
• What might a client be set as homework in CBT?

  To investigate the reality of their beliefs
• What is the goal of replacing irrational ideas in CBT?

  To adopt more optimistic and rational beliefs
• Who developed REBT?

  Albert Ellis
• What does the D and E stand for in the ABCDE model of REBT?

  D= dispute, E= effect
• What does REBT identify and dispute?

  Patient's irrational thoughts
• According to Ellis (1962), what causes emotional distress?

  Irrational thoughts
• What does REBT challenge clients to do?

  Prove irrational statements and replace them
• What is the purpose of vigorous arguments in REBT?

  To break the link between negative events and depression
• What are the methods of disputing in REBT?

  1. Logical argument: Assessing if negative thought follows facts
  2. Empirical argument: Evaluating evidence supporting irrational belief
• What is the aim of behavioral activation?

  To decrease avoidance and increase engagement
• What does the therapist aim to reinforce in behavioral activation?

  Engagement in mood-improving activities
• What are the strengths of CBT?

  1. Evidence of effectiveness
  2. Not physically invasive
  3. Client actively involved in recovery
• What did March et al (2007) find about CBT?

  CBT is effective alone and with drugs
• What percentage of improvement was seen with CBT and antidepressants together?

  86%
• Why is CBT considered a preferred method in the NHS?

  It is effective and not invasive
• What are the limitations of CBT?

  1. Not suitable for severe cases of depression
  2. High relapse rates
  3. Least preferred treatment option for some
• Why might CBT not be suitable for severe depression?

  Clients may lack motivation to engage
• What did Sturmey (2005) find about psychotherapy?

  Not suitable for people with learning difficulties
• What did Ali et al (2017) find about relapse rates after CBT?

  42% relapsed in 6 months
• What is needed to reduce the incidence of relapse after CBT?

  Periodic check-ins and repeat CBT
• Why do some patients prefer medication over CBT?

  They want quick symptom relief
• What did Yrondi et al (2015) find about patient preferences for therapy?

  CBT was least preferred psychological therapy