Allostasis: The ability to adapt to challenges based on context or circumstance dependent set points
Adrenal cortex: Organ region involved in GAS that releases glucocorticoids like cortisol
Adrenal medulla: Organ region involved in GAS that releases catecholamines like epinephrine and norepinephrine
Atrophy of thymus gland: Chronic stress can cause this which leads to immune system suppression
Alarm: First stage of GAS when person perceives stress and hypothalamus release corticotropin stimulating hormone to stimulate adrenal medulla and anterior pituitary
Resistance: Second stage of GAS during which there is a reduction in alarm reaction because the body uses allostasis to change bodies homeostasis
Resistance:
This stage has fewer overt S/S but body is still in hypermetabolic state
Atrophy of thymus gland occurs during this stage and causes immune depression
This stage also includes B and T lymphocyte reduction and increase in neutrophils
Exhaustion: Stage of GAS when body can no longer compensate for stress and reach new homeostasis
Adaptation: Combination of neurological, endocrine, immunologic mechanisms to respond to stress
Epinephrine: Produces positive chronotropy and inotropy as part of SNS stimulation
Glycogenolysis: Response to stress that is stimulated by epinephrine and increases blood glucose
RAAS: SNS produces increase in blood pressure using this mechanism
Norepinephrine: Constricts smooth muscle to create peripheral vasoconstriction in SNS response
Reticular formation: Brain region that is the connection between brainstem and diencephalon
Thalamus: Brain region that directs sensory information and is involved in memory
Limbic system: Brain system that is involved in feeling emotions and releasing endorphins
Endorphins: Chemical released by laughter and happiness that reduces pain perception
Hypothalamus: Brain region that receives traumatic stimuli via spinothalamic pathways and baroreceptors, it also receives emotional stimulation from the limbic system and stimulate anterior and posterior pituitary as well as ANS
ACTH: Stimulates adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids like cortisol
Steroids: Best anti-inflammatory, some available OTC
Aldosterone: Increases sodium retention and potassium excretion
TSH: Increases conversion of T4 into usable T3
Cytokines: Proinflammatory peptide factors released in response to stress that enhance pain
Prostaglandins: Product of lipids on phospholipid cell membrane that act as local hormones and are released by almost all cells
Inflammation: Sequence of vascular and cellular responses to injury that is often characterized by movement of neutrophils into interstitial fluid
Calor: Heat of body related to inflammation
Dolor: Word for pain related to inflammation
Tumor: Swelling related to inflammation caused by increased capillary permeability
Rubor: Redness associated with inflammation
Arachidonic Acid: Inflammatory mediator created from omega 6 acids from phospholipids
Cyclooxygenase: First pathway that arachidonic acid can follow (COX)
Leukotrienes: Second pathway that arachidonic acid can follow (LOX)
COX 1: Arachidonic acid pathway that is responsible for thromboxane to promote platelet aggregation, mucosal maintenance, and increased renal perfusion
COX 1: Arachidonic acid pathway that is responsible for gastric protection and platelet function
Thromboxane: Pro coagulation product of COX 1 pathway that is also vasoconstrictive
ASA: Drug that inhibits thromboxane in low doses
COX 2: Arachidonic acid pathway that is induced in infections to produce fever and pain
COX 2: Pathway that creates prostacyclin and prostaglandins to promote blood cycling
Prostacyclin: Product of COX 2 pathway that promotes blood flow through endothelium by inhibiting platelet aggregation and promoting vasodilation
LOX: Pathway for arachidonic acid that creates leukotrienes