W3 GAS, LAS, Allergies, Pain

Cards (76)

  • Allostasis: The ability to adapt to challenges based on context or circumstance dependent set points
  • Adrenal cortex: Organ region involved in GAS that releases glucocorticoids like cortisol
  • Adrenal medulla: Organ region involved in GAS that releases catecholamines like epinephrine and norepinephrine
  • Atrophy of thymus gland: Chronic stress can cause this which leads to immune system suppression
  • Alarm: First stage of GAS when person perceives stress and hypothalamus release corticotropin stimulating hormone to stimulate adrenal medulla and anterior pituitary
  • Resistance: Second stage of GAS during which there is a reduction in alarm reaction because the body uses allostasis to change bodies homeostasis
  • Resistance:
    • This stage has fewer overt S/S but body is still in hypermetabolic state
    • Atrophy of thymus gland occurs during this stage and causes immune depression
    • This stage also includes B and T lymphocyte reduction and increase in neutrophils
  • Exhaustion: Stage of GAS when body can no longer compensate for stress and reach new homeostasis
  • Adaptation: Combination of neurological, endocrine, immunologic mechanisms to respond to stress
  • Epinephrine: Produces positive chronotropy and inotropy as part of SNS stimulation
  • Glycogenolysis: Response to stress that is stimulated by epinephrine and increases blood glucose
  • RAAS: SNS produces increase in blood pressure using this mechanism
  • Norepinephrine: Constricts smooth muscle to create peripheral vasoconstriction in SNS response
  • Reticular formation: Brain region that is the connection between brainstem and diencephalon
  • Thalamus: Brain region that directs sensory information and is involved in memory
  • Limbic system: Brain system that is involved in feeling emotions and releasing endorphins
  • Endorphins: Chemical released by laughter and happiness that reduces pain perception
  • Hypothalamus: Brain region that receives traumatic stimuli via spinothalamic pathways and baroreceptors, it also receives emotional stimulation from the limbic system and stimulate anterior and posterior pituitary as well as ANS
  • ACTH: Stimulates adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids like cortisol
  • Steroids: Best anti-inflammatory, some available OTC
  • Aldosterone: Increases sodium retention and potassium excretion
  • TSH: Increases conversion of T4 into usable T3
  • Cytokines: Proinflammatory peptide factors released in response to stress that enhance pain
  • Prostaglandins: Product of lipids on phospholipid cell membrane that act as local hormones and are released by almost all cells
  • Inflammation: Sequence of vascular and cellular responses to injury that is often characterized by movement of neutrophils into interstitial fluid
  • Calor: Heat of body related to inflammation
  • Dolor: Word for pain related to inflammation
  • Tumor: Swelling related to inflammation caused by increased capillary permeability
  • Rubor: Redness associated with inflammation
  • Arachidonic Acid: Inflammatory mediator created from omega 6 acids from phospholipids
  • Cyclooxygenase: First pathway that arachidonic acid can follow (COX)
  • Leukotrienes: Second pathway that arachidonic acid can follow (LOX)
  • COX 1: Arachidonic acid pathway that is responsible for thromboxane to promote platelet aggregation, mucosal maintenance, and increased renal perfusion
  • COX 1: Arachidonic acid pathway that is responsible for gastric protection and platelet function
  • Thromboxane: Pro coagulation product of COX 1 pathway that is also vasoconstrictive
  • ASA: Drug that inhibits thromboxane in low doses
  • COX 2: Arachidonic acid pathway that is induced in infections to produce fever and pain
  • COX 2: Pathway that creates prostacyclin and prostaglandins to promote blood cycling
  • Prostacyclin: Product of COX 2 pathway that promotes blood flow through endothelium by inhibiting platelet aggregation and promoting vasodilation
  • LOX: Pathway for arachidonic acid that creates leukotrienes