W2 Cell Patho

• Type of cell injury caused by decrease of ATP: Reversible cell injury
• Hydropic swelling:

  • Failure of sodium potassium pump causes sodium to stay in cell and water to follow sodium
  • Type of reversible cell injury
• Cellular accumulation:

  • Too much stuff in a cell
  • Type of reversible cellular injury
• Necrosis:

  • Cellular homicide that occurs due to irreversible cell injury
• Apoptosis:

  • Cellular suicide that occurs due to irreversible cell injury
• Atrophy:

  • Form of cell adaptation during which cell shrinks due to not getting enough nutrients or diseases
• Hypertrophy:

  • Form of cell adaptation that is an increase in size due to stress (e.g., exercise or organ growth)
• Hyperplasia:

  • Cell adaptation that is an increase in number of cells
• Metaplasia:

  • Cell adaptation that is conversion of one cell type to another without change in amount or size to compensate for stress
• Dysplasia:

  • Cell adaptation that is a disorganized increase in number of cells
• Gangrene:

  • Area of tissue that has experienced widespread necrosis
• Stagnant or Ischemic Hypoxia:

  • Inability to provide required oxygen to cells due to inadequate blood flow (seen in shock states or heart failure)
• Anemic Hypoxia:

  • Decreased oxygen carrying capacity of blood due to reduction in red blood cells, resulting in failure to provide enough oxygen to cells
• Hypoxemic Hypoxia:

  • Decreased oxygen partial pressure causes oxygen to not enter blood solution and organs do not receive adequate oxygen
• Histotoxic Hypoxia:

  • Inability of cell to use oxygen being delivered to it, no issue with circulation or oxygen supply
• Myogenic theory:

  • Smooth muscle requires oxygen to stay contracted, oxygen concentration regulates the contraction of precapillary sphincters
• Polycythemia:

  • Result of chronic hypoxia due to liver's compensatory mechanism to hypoxia being stimulated and creating additional EPO
• Right sided heart failure:

  • Potential result of hypoxia due to peripheral vasoconstriction increasing afterload
• Metabolic theory:

  • Increase in metabolic rate or decrease in nutrient/oxygen availability cause an increase in release of vasodilator substances like lactic acid that create systemic vasodilation
• Cerebral Edema:

  • Result of hypoxia causing an increase in permeability of cerebral capillaries
• Clubbing:

  • Change in fingertip shape due to development of additional collateral circulation to compensate for hypoxia
• Renal Failure:

  • Hypoxia could lead to this in the kidneys due to the kidneys' reliance on active transport to filter solutes out of solution
• Dicrotic notch:

  • Pleth wave point indicating aortic valve closure
• Ischemia:

  • Reduced blood flow to a certain region of tissue
• Reperfusion injury:

  • Occurs due to accumulation of Ca overload and release of cytochrome c in the cell that signal apoptosis
• Free radicals:

  • Electron-hungry atoms that can overwhelm natural defense mechanisms and cause oxidative injuries to cells, especially to the cell membrane and in reperfusion injuries
• Antioxidants:

  • Molecules that donate electrons to neutralize free radicals
• Grey Matter:

  • Unmyelinated brain matter that is mostly cell bodies and dendrites that use slow continuous propagation
• White Matter:

  • Myelinated brain matter that is mostly axons
• Nuclei:

  • Clusters of neuron cell bodies in the brain and spinal cord
• Schwann Cells:

  • Cells that myelinate PNS nerves
• Neurolemma:

  • Nucleus and cytoplasm of Schwann cells
• Astrocytes:

  • Neuroglia that cling to neurons and provide structural support as well as form the blood-brain barrier
• Microglia:

  • Phagocytic white blood cell derivatives that ingest and digest things that shouldn’t be in the brain like pathogens
• Ependymal cells:

  • Cells that line ventricles and spinal canal to create CSF by filtering blood
• Oligodendrocytes:

  • Cells that form myelin around CNS cells
• Satellite Cells:

  • Flat cells that surround neuron cell bodies for protection of PNS
• Sodium Potassium Pump:

  • Mechanism that works to restore resting membrane potential
• Hypernatremia:

  • Causes a rise in resting membrane potential bringing it closer to threshold, making it easier to start an action potential (e.g., high and fast, muscle twitching, dysrhythmias)
• Hyponatremia:

  • Lowers resting membrane potential, making it harder to create an action potential (e.g., low and slow symptoms)