Anatomy firsty

• Anatomy is the science of the structure and function of the body
• Clinical anatomy is the study of the macroscopic structure and function of the body as it relates to the practice of medicine and other health sciences
• Basic anatomy is the study of the minimal amount of anatomy consistent with the understanding of the overall structure and function of the body
• Human anatomic position: standing erect with upper limbs by the sides and the face and the palms of the hands directed forward
• Imaginary planes:

  • Median sagittal plane: vertical plane passing through the center of the body, dividing it into equal right and left halves
  • Coronal plane: imaginary vertical plane at right angles to the median plane
  • Transverse plane
• Paramedian planes are situated to one or the other side of the median plane and parallel to it
• Anterior refers to the front of the body, while posterior indicates the back of the body
• Lateral structures lie farther away from the median plane than another
• Medial structures are situated nearer to the median plane of the body than another
• Palmar-dorsal is related to the hand, and plantar dorsal is related to the foot
• Proximal and distal describe the relative distances from the roots of the limbs
• Superficial and deep denote the relative distances of structures from the surface of the body
• Superior and inferior denote levels relatively high or low with reference to the upper and lower ends of the body
• Internal and external are used to describe the relative distance of a structure from the center of an organ or cavity
• Ipsilateral refers to the same side of the body, while contralateral refers to opposite sides of the body
• Supine means lying on the back, and prone means lying face forward
• Terms Related to Movement:

  • Flexion, extension, lateral flexion
  • Abduction, adduction
  • Medial, lateral rotation
  • Pronation, supination
  • Circumduction
  • Protraction, retraction
  • Inversion, eversion
• Flexion is a movement that takes place in a sagittal plane
• Extension means straightening the joint and usually takes place in a posterior direction
• Lateral flexion is the movement of the trunk in the coronal plane
• Abduction is a movement of a limb away from the midline of the body in the coronal plane
• Adduction is a movement of a limb toward the body in the coronal plane
• Rotation is the movement of a part of the body around its long axis
• Medial rotation results in the anterior surface of the part facing medially
• Lateral rotation results in the anterior surface of the part facing laterally
• Pronation of the forearm is a medial rotation of the forearm so that the palm of the hand faces posteriorly
• Supination of the forearm is a lateral rotation of the forearm from the pronated position so that the palm of the hand comes to face anteriorly
• Circumduction is the combination in sequence of the movements of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction
• Protraction is to move forward
• Retraction is to move backward
• Inversion is the movement of the foot so that the sole faces in a medial direction
• Eversion is the opposite movement of the foot so that the sole faces in a lateral direction