Biology

• Proteins are made of amino acids that are linked together in long chains by peptide bonds.
• Thymine and Cytosine are pyrimidines, which means they're small nitrogen bases.
• A mistake made during DNA replication could lead to mutations and genetic alterations.
• DNA's double helix 1st strand runs from 5' to 3', while the 2nd runs from 3' to 5' direction.
• Chromosomes are thread like material that is tightly coiled with DNA and proteins called histones.
• Gene is a segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a genetic trait.
• DNA is the genetic information found in the nucleus of a cell.
• Helicase breakdown the weak hydrogen bonds and unzip the DNA
• Primase add primers to places where DNA polymerase can start reading and matches the complementary bases to replicate it.
• DNA polymerase build the new strand in the 5' to 3' direction, which means it moves along the old template in the 3' to 5' direction.
• Leading strand is synthesized by adding nucleotides to the 3' end of the growing strand.
• Lagging strand is synthesized by adding nucleotides to the 5' end. It has to keep racing up to where the unwinding is happening and created short fragments that made up lagging strand called Okazaki fragments.
• The lagging strand has gaps between them that are filled with RNA primer. The RNA primer is then replaced with DNA using DNA ligase.
• rRNA forms part of the structure of the ribosome.
• Transcription is when mRNA is made from DNA
• mRNA carries genetic information from the nucleus to the ribosomes.
• Translation is when proteins are produced from mRNA
• Translation is when proteins are assembled from amino acids according to instructions on mRNA.
• During translation, tRNAs bring amino acids to the ribosome and link them together into polypeptide chains.
• The process of transcription involves RNA polymerase binding to promoter region, unwinding double helix, transcribing complementary strand into single-stranded mRNA, and detaching from template strand.
• During translation, tRNA molecules bring amino acids to the ribosome based on their anticodon sequence, which matches with codons on the mRNA.
• Ligase seals up the gaps between Okazaki fragments.
• During Translation, tRNA reads the mRNA instruction in triplets called codon.
• After the matching part, tRNA leaves the ribosome but left behind the amino acid it carried.
• Proteins is completed when a STOP codon is reached.
• RNA splicing occurs in the PTM stage, where introns in the mRNA are remove and extrons interlaces together.