neuroscience

• The nervous system is divided into central and peripheral nervous systems, and the two heavily interact with one another.
• The peripheral nervous system is made up of the nerves that connect the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body
• The peripheral nervous system controls volitional (somatic nervous system) and non volitional (autonomic nervous system) behaviors using cranial and spinal nerves.
• The autonomic system is responsible for involuntary functions such as heart rate, breathing, digestion, and sexual arousal
• The somatic nervous system is responsible for voluntary movement and receives input from the sensory neurons
• The central nervous system is divided into forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain
• The cerebral cortex in the forebrain is the outer layer of the brain and houses sensory, motor, and association areas that gather and process information for perception and memory
• Human neurons exhibit more intricate complexity than animal neurons, with more dendrites and more synapses
• Complexity in the structure of the nervous system, both at the macro- and micro-levels, give rise to complex behaviors
• Complexity of behavior with increasing complexity of the nervous system, especially the cerebral cortex, can be observed in the genus Homo
• During development, the nervous tissue emerges from the ectoderm (one of the three layers of the mammalian embryo) through the process of neural induction.
• The ectoderm is the outer layer of the embryo and is responsible for the formation of the nervous system
• Neural induction is the process by which a neural system is formed from a neural precursor cell.
• The neural induction process causes the formation of the neural tube, which extends in a rostrocaudal (head-to-tail) plane
• Spina bifida is a developmental disease of the spinal cord, where the neural tube does not close caudally. The lumbar and sacral segments (lower back) of the spinal cord are disrupted.