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Biology Honors
Cell Growth, Division and Reproduction
Cell Cycle and Cancer
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Cells need to divide to replace
damaged
cells or cells at the end of their life span.
Cells need to divide to reproduce
asexually
to make genetic identical
copies.
Cells need to divide to grow
tissues
and
organs
in young organisms.
Chromosomes are fancily packed
DNA.
In prokaryotic cells, DNA is packaged into a
single
,
circular
chromosome.
In eukaryotic cells, DNA is packaged into multiple
chromosomes.
Humans have
46
chromosomes.
Prokaryotes undergo
binary
fission
once reached a certain size.
Binary Fission: type of
division
that only
prokaryotic
cells do.
In prokaryotes, the DNA
duplicates
, then the cell membrane
indents
before the cell divides into
two
new cells.
Eukaryotic cells have a more
complex
cell
cycle
than prokaryotic cells.
G1 phase involves
cell
growth.
S phase involves
DNA
replication.
G2 phase involves
preparation
for
mitosis.
The cell division stage, or
M
phase, has
mitosis
and
cytokinesis.
Internal regulators respond to events
inside
the cell.
Internal regulators let the cell cycle process only when certain
steps
have already happened.
External regulators respond to events
outside
the cell.
External regulators direct cells to
speed
or
slow
down the cell cycle.
Growth Factors:
wound
healing
and
embryonic
development.
In 9 months, one cell becomes
millions
of cells.
Cells grow quickly during
birth
&
puberty.
During wound healing,
growth
factors
turn on at the
end
of the wound.
Cells at the edge of an injury are stimulated to
divide
rapidly.
As the injury heals, the rate of cell division
slows
as the body
heals
and repairs itself.
Cyclins:
proteins
that
regulate
the
cell
cycle.
Apoptosis removes
extra
cells during
development
and
wound
healing
and maintain
structure.
Apoptosis is
programmed
cell
death.
It has an important role in
structuring
tissues during growth and development.
During apoptosis, the cell undergoes a series of controlled steps for
self-destruction.
Genetic changes can cause cancer as they lead to
abnormal
growth resulting in masses of tissues called
tumors.
Proto-oncogene
: signals a cell to grow & divide.
Tumor
Suppressor
Genes
: signals a cell to stop dividing.
DNA
Repair
Genes
: preserve & maintain genetic codes.
There are
two
types of tumors.
Benign
tumors remain in one place.
Malignant
tumors are able to spread.
Through metastasis,
malignant
tumor
cells will break off, travel through the body, and form
tumors
in other regions.
Cancer
cells do not respond to normal regulatory signals.
The
cell
cycle
is disrupted due to
uncontrolled
cell
growth.
Cells grow and divide uncontrollably.
Cancer results from a
defect
in
genes
that control cell
growth
&
division.
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