Memory

• The multistore model of memory was proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin
• The sensory register in the multistore model has a modality-specific coding.
• The capacity of the sensory register is considered theoretically unlimited
• What is the duration of information in the sensory register?

  250 milliseconds
• Steps of information processing in the multistore model

  1️⃣ Sensory register receives raw impressions

  2️⃣ Attention passes information to STM

  3️⃣ Rehearsal maintains information in STM

  4️⃣ Encoding transfers information to LTM

  5️⃣ Retrieval brings information back to STM
• Maintenance rehearsal in short-term memory involves linking new information to existing knowledge.

  False
• The coding in short-term memory is primarily acoustic
• What is the approximate duration of short-term memory?

  18 seconds
• The capacity of short-term memory is fixed and cannot be improved by chunking.

  False
• Information in short-term memory is lost by displacement or decay
• Long-term memory has a theoretically unlimited capacity.
• What type of coding is used in long-term memory?

  Semantic
• Information in long-term memory is retrieved by passing it back to short-term memory
• Match the effect with its explanation:

  Primacy effect ↔️ First words encoded in LTM

  Recency effect ↔️ Last words remain in STM
• The Peterson and Peterson study found that short-term memory duration is less than 10 seconds without interference.
• Bahrick's study showed that recall of school friends' names remained high after 48 years
• What type of validity do cognitive tests of memory often lack?

  Ecological validity
• The working memory model replaces the short-term memory store of the multistore model.
• Long-term memory can be divided into declarative and non-declarative types.
• Match the type of long-term memory with its characteristic:

  Episodic memory ↔️ Timestamped autobiographical

  Semantic memory ↔️ Facts and knowledge

  Procedural memory ↔️ Unconscious skills
• Which brain region is associated with procedural memory?

  Motor cortex
• Episodic memories are timestamped and autobiographical.
• What did Clive Wearing's case demonstrate about long-term memory?

  Separate memory types
• To generalize findings from clinical case studies, researchers often use nomothetic methods.
• Episodic and semantic memories may not be completely distinct.
• Who proposed the working memory model in 1974?

  Baddeley and Hitch
• Components of the working memory model

  1️⃣ Central executive

  2️⃣ Phonological loop

  3️⃣ Visuo-spatial sketchpad

  4️⃣ Episodic buffer
• Match the component of the working memory model with its function:

  Central executive ↔️ Controls attention and filters information

  Phonological loop ↔️ Processes sound information

  Visuo-spatial sketchpad ↔️ Processes visual and spatial information

  Episodic buffer ↔️ Combines information from subsystems
• The phonological loop has a capacity of approximately 2 seconds
• The visuo-spatial sketchpad includes a passive store for form and color.
• What did Baddeley's dual-task study demonstrate about the working memory model?

  Separate systems
• KF's brain injury showed selective impairment to his verbal short-term memory.
• The episodic buffer is located in the prefrontal cortex.
• What is the word-length effect in the phonological loop?

  Shorter words easier recall
• The working memory model is more accurate than the short-term memory component of the multistore model.
• What is one limitation of the central executive in the working memory model?

  Poorly defined function
• The working memory model relies on inferences about cognitive processes.
• Which type of interference occurs when old information disrupts new information?

  Proactive interference
• Interference is more likely to occur when the information is similar.
• Time sensitivity reduces the likelihood of interference.