Attachment

• Reciprocity in caregiver-infant interactions is similar to a mutual turn-taking form of conversation
• Interactional synchrony involves matching emotional states between the infant and caregiver.
• What is meant by imitation in caregiver-infant interactions?

  Copying the caregiver's expression
• Sensitive responsiveness refers to the adult caregiver interpreting the infant's communication and responding appropriately
• Conden and Sander's study found evidence of interactional synchrony in neonates.
• In caregiver-infant interaction research, the use of multiple observers increases inter-observer reliability
• Why is it challenging to interpret infant behavior in caregiver-infant interaction research?

  Infants cannot communicate directly
• Social sensitivity is a concern when investigating norms around caregiver-infant interactions.
• Stages of attachment according to Schaffer

  1️⃣ Asocial (0-6 weeks)

  2️⃣ Indiscriminate attachment (6 weeks-7 months)

  3️⃣ Specific attachment (7-9 months)

  4️⃣ Multiple attachment (9-10 months+)
• What behavior do babies display in the asocial stage of attachment?

  Innate behaviors like crying
• In the specific attachment stage, babies form a strong attachment to a primary caregiver
• Separation anxiety and stranger anxiety develop during the specific attachment stage.
• What percentage of infants in Schaffer and Emerson's study developed multiple attachments by 18 months?

  87%
• The strongest attachment in Schaffer and Emerson's study was to mothers with consistent interactions
• Schaffer and Emerson's study had high mundane realism because observations occurred in infants' homes.
• Why might Schaffer and Emerson's study lack temporal validity?

  Only working-class mothers
• Schaffer found that at 18 months, 75% of infants had formed an attachment with their father
• Fathers encourage active play more frequently than mothers.
• What behavior do primary caretaker fathers show that is similar to mothers?

  Sensitive responsiveness
• A strong attachment to the father is the best predictor of the ability to make friends
• Theories emphasizing the unique role of the mother may lead to social sensitivity issues.
• Steps in Lorenz's imprinting experiment with goslings

  1️⃣ Goose eggs divided randomly

  2️⃣ Half hatched by Lorenz, half by mother

  3️⃣ Goslings imprinted on Lorenz

  4️⃣ Critical period observed
• What is the critical period for imprinting in goslings according to Lorenz?

  Around 32 hours
• Lorenz found that imprinting is a strong evolutionary biological feature of attachment
• Harlow's research with monkeys showed that contact comfort is more important than food for attachment.
• What material was used for the comfort-providing surrogate mother in Harlow's experiment?

  Cloth
• Harlow's research suggests that monkeys have a biological need for physical contact
• Generalizing animal behavior to human psychology is unproblematic due to shared biology.

  False
• Which theorist argued that infants crave comfort from their mothers, forming a monotropic relationship?

  Bowlby
• Bowlby's concept of an internal working model suggests it serves as a blueprint for future relationships
• Bowlby's monotropic theory emphasizes the father's role as a primary caregiver.

  False
• What are social releases according to Bowlby's theory?

  Innate signals to attract attention
• Learning theory explains attachment through classical and operant conditioning
• Classical conditioning in attachment occurs when the caregiver becomes associated with the pleasure of being fed.
• What is the conditioned stimulus in classical conditioning of attachment?

  The caregiver
• In operant conditioning, feeding a crying baby reinforces the parent's behavior
• Learning theory fully explains the complexity of attachment relationships.

  False
• What is the father's role according to Bowlby in the 1940s worldview?

  Provide resources for the family
• Bowlby's theory suggests that the mother's monotropic role is crucial, which reflects a worldview likely correct in the 1940s
• Bowlby's monotropic theory is considered temporally valid in modern society

  False