Psychopathology

• Social norms are unwritten behavioral expectations that vary depending on culture
• What is meant by 'social deviants' in the context of social norms?

  Individuals who break norms
• Diagnosing abnormality according to social norms avoids ethnocentrism.
• Defining someone from another culture as abnormal according to new cultural norms can be inappropriate
• What are Rosenal and Seligman's features of failure to function adequately?

  Maladaptive behavior, irrational actions, personal anguish
• Failure to function adequately respects individual personal experience.
• Psychopaths often function in society in ways that benefit them personally, which demonstrates that they do not meet the criteria for failure
• What is meant by statistical infrequency in defining abnormality?

  Condition is very rare
• Statistical infrequency depends on objective statistics rather than subjective opinions.
• The normal distribution curve shows a population's average spread of specific characteristics
• What IQ score is considered a diagnostic criterion for intellectual disability disorder in the DSM 5?

  70 or fewer
• All statistically rare traits are negative.

  False
• Common mental health conditions like anxiety affect around 17% of the population according to the NHS
• What are the six features of ideal mental health according to Jahoda?

  Environmental mastery, autonomy, resisting stress, self-actualization, positive attitude, accurate perception
• Jahoda's definition of ideal mental health is holistic because it considers multiple factors.
• Deviation from ideal mental health suggests how problems can be overcome, making it more constructive
• What are the behavioral characteristics of phobias?

  Avoidance, panic, failure to function
• Fear in phobias is an intense emotional sensation that subsides when the phobic object is removed.
• People with depression often exhibit behavioral changes such as reduced activity levels and altered eating behavior
• What are the emotional characteristics of depression?

  Sadness, guilt, low mood
• Negative schemas in depression can lead to distorted perceptions of the world and the future.
• Compulsions in OCD are behaviors performed repeatedly to reduce anxiety
• What are the cognitive characteristics of OCD?

  Obsessions, catastrophic thoughts, hypervigilance
• People with OCD often experience hypervigilance, which is a permanent state of alertness.
• The behavioral approach to explaining phobias uses the two-process model, which combines classical and operant conditioning.
• What role does classical conditioning play in the acquisition of phobias?

  Creates fear response
• Operant conditioning maintains phobias through negative reinforcement.
• Generalization in phobias occurs when a conditioned fear response is experienced with similar stimuli.
• What did Watson and Rayner's experiment with Little Albert demonstrate?

  Phobias can be acquired through association
• Behavioral therapies like systematic desensitization are effective because they are based on behavioral principles.
• Phobias of snakes and spiders are more common than phobias of knives or cars, which may be explained by evolutionary theory.
• What are the two main behavioral therapies for phobias?

  Systematic desensitization and flooding
• Systematic desensitization uses reciprocal inhibition to reduce anxiety.
• Flooding involves immediate and full exposure to the maximum level of the phobic stimulus.
• Why is systematic desensitization considered more pleasurable than flooding for clients?

  It limits anxiety and uses control
• Flooding is suitable for older people due to its gradual approach.

  False
• Virtual reality exposure has been shown to improve phobias, suggesting that the principles of systematic desensitization are valid.
• What are the three components of Beck's negative triad in depression?

  Self, world, future
• The negative triad develops in childhood and provides a framework for persistent biases in adulthood.
• Ellis's ABC model explains depression by focusing on activating events, irrational beliefs, and negative consequences.