Research method

• What is the aim in psychological research?

  What the researcher intends
• A hypothesis is a precise and testable statement about the assumed relationship between variables
• Standardized procedures ensure that all participants experience the same conditions in a study.
• What is the independent variable in a research study?

  Manipulated by the researcher
• Extraneous variables may have an impact on the dependent variable.
• A directional hypothesis predicts the exact difference between two conditions.
• What is a pilot study used for in psychological research?

  To test study design aspects
• A Confederate in a study is instructed on how to behave by the researcher
• What is a confounding variable in research?

  A variable that varies systematically
• External validity refers to the degree to which research findings can be generalized to other settings.
• What is mundane realism in research?

  How realistic a study is
• Match the experimental design with its description:

  Repeated measures ↔️ All participants complete all conditions

  Independent groups ↔️ Participants tested on one variable

  Matched pairs ↔️ Participants matched by key characteristics
• Order effects, such as fatigue, are a disadvantage of the repeated measures design.
• In independent groups, participants are randomly allocated to avoid bias.
• What is a key characteristic used to match participants in matched pairs design?

  Age
• Where is a laboratory experiment typically conducted?

  Controlled setting
• Field experiments have high ecological validity but low internal validity.
• In a natural experiment, the independent variable is not directly manipulated.
• Match the type of experiment with its characteristic:

  Laboratory ↔️ Controlled environment

  Field ↔️ High ecological validity

  Natural ↔️ Independent variable not manipulated
• What is a demand characteristic in research?

  Cues that make participants aware
• Investigator effects occur when a researcher's actions influence participant performance unintentionally.
• How does a single-blind design address investigator effects?

  Participants don't know aims
• Experimental realism ensures that participants are engaged and less aware of being observed.
• A population in research refers to the entire group of people that a researcher is interested in.
• What is sampling bias in psychological research?

  Systematic distortion in findings
• Match the sampling method with its description:

  Opportunity ↔️ Recruit those most convenient

  Random ↔️ Equal chance for everyone

  Stratified ↔️ Subgroups reflect population frequency

  Systematic ↔️ Every nth person selected
• What type of data involves measuring behavior in numbers?

  Quantitative
• Qualitative data provides detailed information but is hard to analyze.
• Primary data is collected from firsthand experience and fits the study aims directly.
• What is deception in psychological research?

  Not telling true aims
• Steps to address deception in research:

  1️⃣ Approve by ethics committee

  2️⃣ Conduct study

  3️⃣ Provide full debrief
• What is the right to withdraw in research?

  Participants can stop anytime
• Participants should not experience negative psychological effects in research.
• Confidentiality in research refers to the protection of personal information.
• What is privacy in research?

  Control over personal information
• What is the primary concern of confidentiality in research?

  Protecting personal information
• Numbers, initials, or false names can be used to represent participants and protect their identity
• There is universal agreement on what constitutes a public place in research ethics.

  False
• What is the primary difference between controlled and naturalistic observations?

  Investigator interference
• Match the observation type with its description:

  Controlled ↔️ Observed under organized conditions

  Naturalistic ↔️ Observed in everyday setting