HTM 2314 Exam 1 Chapters 1-4

• long-term versus short-term orientation


  The theory of the extent to which a culture programs its citizens to accept delayed gratification of their material, social, and emotional needs. It captures attitudes toward time, persistence, ordering by status, protection of face, respect for tradition, and reciprocation of gifts and favors.
• Masculinity versus femininity


  Theory of the relationship between gender and work roles. In masculine cultures, sex roles are sharply differentiated and traditional "masculine values" such as achievement and the effective exercise of power determine cultural ideals; in feminine cultures, sex roles are less sharply distinguished, and little differentiation is made between men and women in the same job.
• uncertainty avoidance


  Extent to which cultures socialize members to accept ambiguous situations and to tolerate uncertainty
• Individualism versus collectivism


  Theory focusing on the relationship between the individual and his or her fellows. In individualistic societies, the ties between individuals are loose and individual achievement is highly valued. In societies where collectivism is emphasized, ties between individuals are tight, people are born into collectives, such as extended families, and everyone is supposed to look after the interests of his or her collective.
• power distance


  Theory of how a society deals with the fact that people are unequal in physical and intellectual capabilities. High power distance cultures are found in countries that let inequalities grow over time into inequalities of power and wealth. Low power distance cultures are found in societies that try to play down such inequalities as much as possible.
• ethical system


  a set of moral principles, or values, that are used to guide and shape behavior
• Religion


  a system of shared beliefs and rituals that are concerned with the realm of the sacred
• class consciousness


  A tendency for individuals to perceive themselves in terms of their class background.
• class system


  a system of social stratification in which social status is determined by the family into which a person is born and by subsequent socioeconomic achievements; mobility between classes is possible
• Caste System


  A system of social stratification in which social position is determined by the family into which a person is born, and change in that position is usually not possible during an individual's lifetime.
• social mobility


  the extent to which individuals can move out of the social strata into which they are born
• social strata


  hierarchical social categories often based on family background, occupation, and income
• Group


  An association of two or more individuals who have a shared sense of identity and who interact with each other in structured ways on the basis of a common set of expectations about each other's behavior.
• social structure


  the basic social organization of a society
• Mores


  norms seen as central to the functioning of a society and to its social life
• Folkways


  routine conventions of everyday life
• society


  group of people who share a common set of values and norms
• Norms


  social rules and guidelines that prescribe appropriate behavior in particular situations
• Values


  abstract ideas about what a society believes to be good, right, and desirable
• Culture


  a system of values and norms that are shared among a group of people and that when taken together constitute a design for living
• Cross-cultural literacy


  understanding how the culture of a country affects the way business is practiced
• Legal Risk


  the likelihood that a trading partner will opportunistically break a contract or expropriate intellectual property rights
• Economic Risk


  The likelihood that events, including economic mismanagement, will cause drastic changes in a country's business environment that adversely affect the profit and other goals of a particular business enterprise.
• Political Risk


  The likelihood that political forces will cause drastic changes in a country's business environment that will adversely affect the profit and other goals of a particular business enterprise.
• Late-Mover Disadvantages


  handicaps experienced by being a late entrant in a market
• first-mover advantages


  advantages accruing to the first to enter a market
• Deregulation


  Removal of government restrictions concerning the conduct of a business.
• Entrepreneurs


  those who first commercialize innovations
• innovation


  development of new products, processes, organizations, management practices, and strategies
• Human Development Index (HDI)


  an attempt by the UN to assess the impact of a number of factors on the quality of human life in a country
• Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)


  An adjustment in gross domestic product per capita to reflect differences in the cost of living
• Gross National Income (GNI)


  measures the total amount annual income received by residents of a nation
• product liability


  involves holding a firm and its officers responsible when a product causes injury, death, or damage
• Product Safety Laws


  set certain safety standards to which a product must adhere
• Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property


  international agreement to protect intellectual property.
• World Intellectual Property Organization


  An international organization whose members sign treaties to agree to protect intellectual property
• Trademarks


  Designs and names, often officially registered, by which merchants or manufacturers designate and differentiate their products
• Copyrights


  the exclusive legal rights of authors, composers, playwrights, artists, and publishers to publish and disperse their work as they see fit
• patent


  Grants the inventor of a new product or process exclusive rights to the manufacture, use, or sale of that invention.
• intellectual property


  products of the mind, ideas; intellectual property can be protected by patents, copyrights, and trademarks