I am photosynthesizing

• the leaf is the organ in levels of organization in plants
• the chloroplast is the organelle in levels of organizaiton in plants
• The formulat for photosynthesis is: sunlight + CO2 + H2O --> C6H12O6 + O2
• photosynthesis occurs in chloroplast of plants and some protists and prokaryotes
• all molecule bonds that are reactants of photosynthesis are broken
• all molecule bonds that are products of photosynthesis must form
• thylakoids are phospholipid bilayers with different kinds of proteins and pigments embedded in the chloroplast
• the biggest pigment in the chloroplast is chlorophyll, which gives plants their green color
• Where does each element in sugar come from?

  Carbon from CO2 Hydrogen from H2O and Oxygen from CO2
• where does photosynthesis occur?

  Chloroplast
• where are chloroplast found?

  usually leaves!
• Leaves contain 3 main types of tissue
• upper epidermis is a single layer of cells at the top of the leadf covering the mesophyll
• lower epidermis is a single layer of cells at the bottom of the leaf containing smallpores clled stoma that allow for gas exchange, guard cells open and close the stoma
• both epidermis are covered by a hydrophobic waxy layer called the cutice that prevents water loss
• the Palisade mesophyll is the top layer of cells of the mesophy. It is very dnse with lots of cells perpendicular to the upper epidermis and exposes lots of chloroplast to sunlight
• the spongy mesophyll is the bottom layer of cells of the mesopyll containing lots of air spaces which allows CO2 to enter, O2 to leave
• there are two parts to the vascular (veins) tissue, Xylem, and Phloem
• Xylem transports water from the roots to leaves
• Phloem transports sugars from the leaf the wherever needed in the plant
• leaf --> chloroplast --> chlorophyll
• pigments are compounds that absorb some lwavelengths of light and reflect others
• chlorophylll absorbs blue and red the est
• chlorophyll reflects green the most
• photosystesis occures in two stages, light reactions, and the calvin cycle
• converting carbon dioxide into sugar requires hydrogen and electrons
• electrons are necessary for photosynthesis to create bonds betweeen the carbons, oxygens, and hydrogens in sugar
• the light reactions occurs in the thylakoids
• the thylakoid membrane contains chlorophyll and other helper pigments that absorb sunlight
• when chlorophyll absorbs sunllight, water is broken apart into hydrogens, electrons, and Oxygen
• the hydrogens and elections from water are given to NADPH
• NADP+ + H+ + 2e's --> NADPH
• ATP is also formed during the light reactions and is later used in the Calvin cycle
• in the light eactions, wate and sunlight are needed
• During light reactions, ATP and NADPH form and will be used in the Calvin cycle
• OXygen gas forms as a "waste product" and is simply released from the chloroplast
• the calvin cycle is just a series of chemical reactions
• the NADPH drop off elections and hydrogens from water to the Calvin cyle
• the hydrogens and electrons dropped off will be used to build carbon dioxide into sugar through a series of chemical reactions
• during the Calvin cycle, ATP supplies the energy to build the new bonds forming in sugar